Biomass Pretreatment Processes
Background
Lignocellulosic Biomass
Lignocellulosic biomass is defined as a plant, or plant-derived, material that is mostly composed of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. Lignocellulosic feedstocks are highly abundant, covering many biomass types including grasses, wood, energy crops (e.g. Miscanthus and coppices), agricultural residues (e.g. straws and corn stover), and municipal wastes.Lignocellulosic feedstocks are highly abundant and can often be sourced sustainably, at low cost, without leading to land-use conflicts. As a result, there is currently great interest in obtaining chemicals, fuels, and biomaterials from such biomass.
A major pathway by which many lignocellulosic feedstocks are processed is known as hydrolysis,
where sugars are released
from the lignocellulosic polysaccharides (i.e. cellulose and hemicellulose).
However, the hydrolysis of lignocellulosic polysaccharides is not easy and is influenced by the complex inter-associations between hemicellulose and cellulose and between these polysaccharides and lignin in the lignocellulosic matrix. In particular, the crystalline nature of much cellulose and the existence of a physical barrier of lignin surrounding the cellulose fibres are said to be major contributors to the recalcitrance of cellulose.
The mechanism of hydrolysis is further complicated by the fact that different process intensities are required for the hydrolysis of cellulose versus hemicellulose. The more intense conditions required for cellulose hydrolysis may degrade the sugars hydrolysed from hemicellulose (to products such as furfural and formic acid).
For this reason, most hydrolysis technologies employ pre-treatment processes that aim to break apart the matrix (and in particular the associations between lignin and cellulose), reduce cellulose crystallinty, and hydrolyse hemicelluloses, hence separating the hydrolysate from cellulose which can then undergo more severe/targeted treatment.
Get more info...Biomass Hydrolysis
However, the hydrolysis of lignocellulosic polysaccharides is not easy and is influenced by the complex inter-associations between hemicellulose and cellulose and between these polysaccharides and lignin in the lignocellulosic matrix. In particular, the crystalline nature of much cellulose and the existence of a physical barrier of lignin surrounding the cellulose fibres are said to be major contributors to the recalcitrance of cellulose.
The mechanism of hydrolysis is further complicated by the fact that different process intensities are required for the hydrolysis of cellulose versus hemicellulose. The more intense conditions required for cellulose hydrolysis may degrade the sugars hydrolysed from hemicellulose (to products such as furfural and formic acid).
For this reason, most hydrolysis technologies employ pre-treatment processes that aim to break apart the matrix (and in particular the associations between lignin and cellulose), reduce cellulose crystallinty, and hydrolyse hemicelluloses, hence separating the hydrolysate from cellulose which can then undergo more severe/targeted treatment.
Get more info...Biomass Hydrolysis
Need for Pretreatment
For this reason, most hydrolysis technologies employ pre-treatment processes that aim to break apart the matrix (and in particular the associations between lignin and cellulose), reduce cellulose crystallinty, and hydrolyse hemicelluloses, hence separating the hydrolysate from cellulose which can then undergo more severe/targeted treatment.
There are several important considerations when developing a biomass pretreatment technology, including:
Feedstock Chemistry
The chemical composition of lignocellulosic feedstocks varies greatly. This variability if seen not only in the relative proportions of the different polymers of lignocellulose (cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin) but also in the compositions of each of these polymers.The particular chemistry of the feedstock is a crucial factor when deciding on an optimal pretreatment, since some types of biomass (due to their chemistry) are unsuitable for certain pretreatment technologies. For instance, steam explosion is much less effective as a pretreatment on softwoods compared with hardwoods due to the fact that softwood hemicelluloses do not contain acetyl groups (which aids the mechanisms of steam explosion pretreatment). Similarly, a feedstock with a very high lignin content may be more suited to organosolv pretreatments that can separate the lignin from the cellulose, allowing the feedstock to be more accessible to cellulase enzymes.
The content and composition of extractives is also an important consideration when designing a pre-treatment process since these can complicate downstream valorisation stages.
Lignocellulose Fractionation
Some pretreatment processes (e.g. steam explosion) focus primarily on a disruption of the lignocellulose matrix to allow for it to be more readily hydrolysed in downstream processes. However, other technologies (e.g. when using acids, alkalis, solvents, or hydrothermal pretreatment) involve the production of two (or more) process streams with the primary lignocellulose polymers (cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin) displaying a preference for one of these streams.For example, an organosolv approach employing acetone as the solvent (as was the case in our CBE project UNRAVEL) would result in the hemicellulose and lignin in the liquid phase with the solid phase mostly composed of cellulose.
Hence, if your target for biomass valorisation is different downstream processes for each polymer then certain types of pretreatments that allows for such fractionation of biomass chemistry should be preferred.
Downstream Technologies
There are different ways in which the output streams (solid and liquid) of the pretreatment process can be valorised. For example, the hemicellulose sugars that become separated into the liquid phase in a number of pretreatment processes (e.g. acid pretreatments and hydrothermal pretreatments) can be biologically-processed (e.g. fermented to ethanol) or chemically/catalytically processed (e.g. catalytic production of xylitol from xylose).Each type of downstream valorisation process will have its own preferred conditions and requirements for the composition of the stream being processed. For example, many organisms used for fermentations may have their activities inhibited by the presence of degradation products of the sugars (e.g. furfural is the degradation product of xylose and arabinose). This would lead to a preference for a pretreatment that minimises the formation of inhibitors (for example hydrothermal pretreatment may be favoured over an acid pretreatment in this case). Conversely, if you are using a downstream technology that is not affected by these inhibitors then other aspects of the pretreatment become more important (for example, the process with the lower CAPEX/OPEX or the process which provides the highest yields of monomeric sugars).
Commercial & Environmental Viability
For a bioprocess to be commercially-viable it is necessary for the revenues associated with it to exceed the operating costs and that these operating margins cover the CAPEX in a reasonable timeframe.Some pretreatments can have significantly higher CAPEX and/or OPEX than others. However this does not mean that they are not commercially viable since they may provide more valuable products. An example would be organosolv technologies which typically have higher OPEX costs (due to chemicals usage and the energy costs of product/solvent recovery) and CAPEX costs. However, organosolvs can produce a high-quality lignin with signficant revenue-generation potential. For this potential to be realised pretreatment optimisation should focus on the use of a feedstock, and the development of a process, that will achieve the product requirements for entering these higher-value markets.
Similarly, bioprocesses targeting products to replace fossil-derived products should be demonstrably more sustainable. Hence, the pretreatment and downstream steps should be optimised so that the greenhouse gas emmissions, and environmental impacts of the whole process, represent a signficant improvement on the status-quo.
At Celignis we are experts in the technoeconomic analysis (TEA) of bioprocesses and consider this, as well as the environmental impacts, at all stages of process development.
Types of Biomass Pretreament
Mechanical pretreatments of biomass usually focus on a reduction in the particle size of the feedstock, allowing for
more surface-area availability in downstream processes.
Get more info...Mechanical Pretreatment
Get more info...Mechanical Pretreatment
Steam pretreatment uses high-pressure steam at elevated temperatures. In steam-explosion pretreatment this is followed by
rapid decompression which physically disrupts the biomass structure.
Get more info...Steam Pretreatment
Get more info...Steam Pretreatment
Hydrothermal pretreatment, also know as Liquid Hot Water (LHW) pretreatment,
does not involve the use of any chemicals but operates at elevated temperatures and pressures
Get more info...Hydrothermal Pretreatment
Get more info...Hydrothermal Pretreatment
This pretreatment involves treating the biomass with a dilute solution of a strong acid at elevated temperatures. A primary
target is the hydrolysis of hemicellulose into monomeric sugars.
Get more info...Acid Pretreatment
Get more info...Acid Pretreatment
Alkali pretreatment uses
chemicals (e.g. sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide) to disrupt the complex structure of lignocellulosic
biomass with lignin removal a primary target.
Get more info...Acid Pretreatment
Get more info...Acid Pretreatment
Organosolv pretreatment fractionates biomass into its three major
components (cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin), with obtaining a lignin of a high-purity and quality being
a particular target.
Get more info...Organosolv Pretreatment
Get more info...Organosolv Pretreatment
This page covers some other pretreatments:
ionic liquids pretreatment,
hydrogen-peroxide pretreatment,
ultrasonic pretreatment,
microwave pretreatment,
fungal pretreatment,
and bacterial pretreatment.
Get more info...Other Pretreatments
Get more info...Other Pretreatments
How Celignis Develops Biomass Pretreatments for Our Clients
1. Understanding Your Requirements
Prior to undertaking bioprocess projects we learn from our clients what their targets are from the process as well as whether there are any restrictions or requirements that may need to form the boundaries of the work that we undertake. These help to guide us to then prepare a potential bioprocess development project.
For example, in the context of pretreatment, the primary target of one client may be to achieve the greatest possible glucose yields from cellulose, with the valorisation of the other main components of biomass (e.g. lignin and hemicellulose) being of much lesser importance. In contrast, another client may be particularly focused on the production of oligomers from hemicellulose, with the efficient hydrolysis of cellulose being lower down in their list of priorities. Such differing targets are likely to lead to either different pretreatment technologies being used in each case and/or in the selection of different process parameter ranges for the experiments to be undertaken.
Similarly, a requirement from a client for no chemicals to be used would narrow-down the range of options that we could consider for the pretreatment process.
2. Detailed Feedstock Analysis
A thorough understanding of the chemistry of a feedstock is a crucial component in designing an effective pretreatment process. Detailed compositional analysis is also necessary in order to accurately determine process yields and efficiencies.
We recommend that each feedstock that is to be investigated for pretreatment be analysed with one of our in-depth lignocellulose analysis packages (P10 or, ideally, P19). We advise that these analyses are undertaken prior to the start of the bioprocess project as the resulting data will allow us to consider the appropriate pretreatment technologies and process conditions for any particular feedstock.
Hence, based on the analytical results and the client's requirements, the Celignis Bioprocess team will then meet to discuss and prepare a project proposal for biomass pretreatment development and optimisation. After this proposal is reviewed by the client, and revised if needed, we are then ready to start work on developing the pretreatment process.
3. Lab-Scale Pretreatments
Our projects usually involve undertaking a number of pretreatment experiments, covering a variety of process conditions. We follow a scientifically-based Design of Experiments (DoE) protocol where the criteria and boundaries for this DoE are formulated in close collaboration with our clients, considering the chemistry of the feedstock(s) and our understandings of the mechanisms of biomass pretreatment.
We usually recommend that these initial optimisation experiments are undertaken at the lab-scale (around TRL3) in order to reduce costs and the length of the project. For each experiment we analyse the solid and liquid outputs of the pretreatment process, leading to a detailed data-set where effects of process conditions on the yield and composition of the various streams can be explored and mapped.
We can also undertake a second iteration of lab-scale experiments in order to fine-tune the conditions based on the knowledge gained in the initial experiments.
4. Downstream Valorisation Experiments
The analytical results from our lab-scale experiments will provide us with valuable data on the composition of the various output streams (e.g. solid and liquid) from the pretreatment process. However, to fully evaluate these streams for their suitability for the planned applications (for example, ethanol from the cellulosic fraction) we advise that their downstream processing is tested.
We can undertake a wide variety of tests here, based on our client's requirements and the targeted end products. The results from these experiments allow for a more thorough evaluation of the pretreatment process and for the conditions to be optimised according to the final product requirements, rather than just according to the chemical composition of the pretreatment's output streams.
We advise that these initial downstream valorisation experiments are also undertaken at the lab-scale, using the outputs of Stage 3. This will enable us to gather more data, at lower costs, allowing for the pretreatment process to be optimised most effectively.
5. Validation at Higher TRLs
Once we have concluded our optimisation of the pretreatment process conditions at the lab-scale we can then test those conditions at higher technology readiness levels (TRLs). The scales at which we can operate are dependent on the type of pretreatment technology employed, but can reach up to 100 litres.
We have all of the necessary downstream equipment to efficiently handle the solid and liquid streams arising from these scaled-up activities and we can also undertake scaled-up processing of these different fractions from the preatment, for example high-TRL enzymatic hydrolysis runs for the solids and fermentation runs for the liquid stream.
If we find that there are differences between the yield and compositions of the different post-pretreatment streams, compared with our lab-scale experiments, then we can explore the potential reasons for these and work on final tweaks to optimise the bioprocess for higher TRLs.
6. Technoeconomic Analysis (TEA)
The Celignis team, including Oscar our chief TEA expert, can undertake a detailed technoeconomic analysis of the developed process. We apply accurate and realistic costing models to determine the CAPEX and OPEX of simulated and pilot scale processes which are then used to determine key economic indicators such as IRR, NPV and payback periods.
Within these TEAs we can consider the pretreatment as a discrete independent module or we can evaluate the biomass valorisation process as a whole, evaluating the impact of the pretreatment on the whole biorefinery concept. We also undertake sensitivity analyses to assess the effect of variable costs and revenues on the commercial viability of the pre-treatment process.
Our preferred approach is to include TEA studies at each stage of the development of the pretreatment bioprocess, so that the process can be optimised in a commercially-relevant way, followed by a more detailed TEA after the process has been optimised and tested at higher TRL levels.
Click here to read more about the technoeconomic analysis (TEA) services offered by Celignis.
Bioprocess Pretreatment Projects - Case Studies
Pretreatment of Palm Residues
Celignis undertook a bioprocess development project for a client, based in the Middle East, that was targeting the production of ethanol from the residues of local palm trees. This was a lab-scale vertically-integrated project covering pretreatment, hydrolysis, and fermentation.The client initially had a certain type of pretreatment technology in mind and requested that we undertake a series of experiments to assess it. However, based on our initial compositional analysis of the feedstocks, we had reservations that the chosen pretreatment would be suitable for such biomass. We discussed this with the client and it was agreed that three different types of pretreatments were tested, with each pretreatment type being undertaken a number of times in order to allow for an initial evaluation on the effects of varying the process parameters on the yield and compositions of the output streams.
The results from these initial pretreatment experiments confirmed Celignis's reservations regarding the originally-chosen pretreatment and resulted in the pretreatment technology that we recommended, based on the feedstock compositional data, being selected for further study.
There then followed a more extensive series of lab-scale experiments focused on optimising the pretreatment conditions so that the yields and commercial viability of the process as a whole could be improved.
Pre-Pretreatment Extraction
Extractives, if present in signficant quantities in the feedstock, can present a challenge to certain pretreatment technologies. For example, in organosolv pretreatments the extractives typically end-up in the liquid output stream of the process, along with lignin and hemicellulose sugars. At that point it can be hard to separate these extractives from the lignin meaning that the final lignin product may have a lower purity and, potentially, a lower market value.In the CBE project UNRAVEL, completed in 2022 and focused on the development of biomass pretreatment, one of Celignis's main roles was to optimise an extraction process focused on removing the extractives prior to the pretreatment stage. Complete removal of all extractives can be a costly process in terms of chemical and energy requirements. Hence, the primary objective of the work was to develop an optimised pre-extraction process that produced a substrate suitable for the pretreatment process while minimising the cost and complexity of the process.
Celignis undertook a detailed and extensive DoE, considering a wide variety of parameters including feedstock, particle size, temperature, residence-time, solvent(s) used, and extraction cycles. The final output of the work was a protocol, optimised for each feedstock, for extractives removal prior to the main pretreatment process.
Prodution of Oligomers from Hemicellulose
Celignis undertook a bioprocess development project for a client where the focus was on the optimisation of process conditions to allow for increased yields of oligomeric sugars from the hemicellulose of an agricultural residue feedstock.The approach was challenging as the target was efficient hydrolysis of hemicellulose to oligomers without those oligomers then being further hydrolysed to monomeric sugars.
The Celignis Bioprocess team spent some time working with our client in order to understand their targets and their restrictions in terms of chemical and energy usage. We then formulated a DoE to explore the effects of different types of pretreatments and process conditions on the yield of oligomers and on the oligomer/monomer ratios.
The results of our experiments allowed for a much more focused narrowing-down of the process conditions that would allow oligomers to be produced in high yields and at enhanced purities.
Pretreatment of Paper Industry Residues
In this project we worked with a client on evaluating processes for producing sugars in high yields from recycled paper streams. Along with other aspects, the project involved evaluating different process conditions for the selected pretreatment technology and then assessing the effect of these pretreatments on the subsequent enzymatic hydrolysis of the solids.
Our Bioprocess Development Services can work on the evaluation and optimisation of a particular node in the biomass
processing technology or can involve the development of a bespoke vertically-integrated technology for your chosen feedstock
and/or product. Click here to see how our Bioprocess Development Services work and how
we devise and undertake a project.
With regards to the pretreatment of biomass, the Celignis Bioprocess team members with the most experience in undertaking such projects are listed below. Feel free to contact them to discuss potential projects.
With regards to the pretreatment of biomass, the Celignis Bioprocess team members with the most experience in undertaking such projects are listed below. Feel free to contact them to discuss potential projects.
Lalitha Gottumukkala
Founder of Celignis Bioprocess, CIO of Celignis
PhD
Has a deep understanding of all biological and chemical aspects of bioproceses. Has developed Celignis into a renowned provider of bioprocess development services to a global network of clients.
Dan Hayes
Celignis CEO And Founder
PhD (Analytical Chemistry)
Dreamer and achiever. Took Celignis from a concept in a research project to being the bioeconomy's premier provider of analytical and bioprocessing expertise.
Sajna KV
Bioanalysis Developer
PhD
Our Biomass Detective! Designs, tests, optimizes and validates robust analytical methods for our bioprocess development projects. Such bespoke analysis is key to developing an optimised bioprocess.
Global Recognition as Bioprocess Experts
Celignis provides valued services to over 1000 clients.
We understand how the focus of bioprocess projects can differ between countries and have advised a global network of clients.
We also have customs-exemptions for samples sent
to us allowing us to quickly get to work no matter where our clients are based.
Extraction
Biomass can be rich in bioactive compounds of high value for food, feed, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical applications.
We develop bespoke extraction methods suitable for your needs with high selectivity, efficiency and low environmental impact.
Hydrolysis
For the hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass to monomeric sugars either chemical or biological
approaches can be used. At Celignis Bioprocess we can use both methods at scales ranging from flask-level to
100-litres. We have particular expertise in the optimisation of conditions for enzymatic hydrolysis.
Enzymes
Enzymes are biological catalysts that have a wide variety of applicaitons in the bioeconomy,
ranging from the liberation of sugars from lignocellulosic biomass to the functionalisation of biomass-derived
chemicals and materials for higher-value applications. We are experts in the design and use of enzymatic approaches.
Fermentation
Development of fermentation processes requires knowledge of an array of important factors
including: biomass, the microbes used, nutrient media, and fermentation conditions. We're experienced in many
fermentations and can help you determine and optimise yields of an array of different fermentation products.
Downstream Processing
How the various outputs (solid and liquid) of a bioprocess are dealt with
is often overlooked until later in bioprocess development, leading to excessive costs and complications.
We consider and tackle these issues, and others such as product recovery, early-on as being integral to the bioprocess.
Lab-Scale Optimisations
We consider that optimising a bioprocess at the lab-scale is the most cost-effective
approach to explore a range of different scenarios in search of optimal process conditions. Based on the outputs
of these experiments we can then test the chosen set of conditions at higher TRL levels.
TRL Scale-Up
At our dedicated Celignis Bioprocess laboratories we have all the necessary upstream and
downstream apparatus to undertake bioprocess projects up to a tehcnology readiness level (TRL) of 6,
with reactor and processing capacities of up to 100 litres.
Technoeconomic Analyses
Our technoeconomic experts can evaluate your bioprocess, considering various scale,
technology, and feedstock options. We apply accurate costing models to determine CAPEX/OPEX of simulated and pilot-scale
processes which are then used to determine key economic indicators (e.g. IRR, NPV).
Biobased Chemicals
A large array of chemicals and materials are possible from biomass and wastes.
These can involve chemical or biological approaches, or a combination of the two. Based on your desired end-product
we can design and test the most appropriate bioprocess.
From Process Refinements to an Entire New Process
We work closely with you to understand your objectives
and timelines. We then propose a project, usually covering a series of deliverables and stage-gates.
Often our projects involve optimising conditions at the lab-scale before replicating the conditions
at higher TRL levels.
Research Collaborations
Celignis is active in several bioprocess research projects. These include projects
funded by the EU's CBE-JU, with Celignis being a Full Industry Member of the BIC. We're open to participating in
future collaborative research projects where our extensive infrastructure and expertise in bioprocesses can be leveraged.
See our pitches for the 2024 topics.
Special Offer
Analysis Packages
P8 : Lignin Content
Lignin (Klason), Lignin (Acid Soluble), Acid Insoluble Residue, Ash (Acid Insoluble),
Lignin (Klason), Lignin (Acid Soluble), Acid Insoluble Residue, Ash (Acid Insoluble),
P19 : Deluxe Lignocellulose Package
As P10 plus protein-corrected lignin, water-soluble sugars, uronic acids, acetyl content and starch.
As P10 plus protein-corrected lignin, water-soluble sugars, uronic acids, acetyl content and starch.
P15 : Uronic Acids
Glucuronic Acid, Galacturonic Acid, Mannuronic Acid, Guluronic Acid, 4-O-Methyl-D-Glucuronic Acid, Iduronic Acid,
Glucuronic Acid, Galacturonic Acid, Mannuronic Acid, Guluronic Acid, 4-O-Methyl-D-Glucuronic Acid, Iduronic Acid,
P121 : Evaluation of Biomass for Enzymatic Digestibility
Total Sugars in Enzyme Hydrolysate, Glucose in Enzyme Hydrolysate, Xylose in Enzyme Hydrolysate, Arabinose in Enzyme Hydrolysate, Mannose in Enzyme Hydrolysate, Galactose in Enzyme Hydrolysate, Rhamnose in Enzyme Hydrolysate, Cellobiose in Enzyme Hydrolysate, Enzymatic Hydrolysis Kinetics, Cellulose Conversion Yield, Xylan Conversion Yield, Combined Sugar Yield, Cellulose Conversion Rate, Xylan Conversion Rate,
Total Sugars in Enzyme Hydrolysate, Glucose in Enzyme Hydrolysate, Xylose in Enzyme Hydrolysate, Arabinose in Enzyme Hydrolysate, Mannose in Enzyme Hydrolysate, Galactose in Enzyme Hydrolysate, Rhamnose in Enzyme Hydrolysate, Cellobiose in Enzyme Hydrolysate, Enzymatic Hydrolysis Kinetics, Cellulose Conversion Yield, Xylan Conversion Yield, Combined Sugar Yield, Cellulose Conversion Rate, Xylan Conversion Rate,
P122 : Evaluation of Pre-Treatment on Enzymatic Digestibility
As P121 plus comparisons with data from the non-pretreated original sample, including: Increase in Cellulose Accessibility after Pre-Treatment, Percent Increase in Cellulose Conversion Efficiency, Percent Increase in Cellulose Conversion Rate.
As P121 plus comparisons with data from the non-pretreated original sample, including: Increase in Cellulose Accessibility after Pre-Treatment, Percent Increase in Cellulose Conversion Efficiency, Percent Increase in Cellulose Conversion Rate.
P123 : Composition of Residue from Enzymatic Hydrolysis
As P9 but on the solid residue after enzymatic hydrolysis.
As P9 but on the solid residue after enzymatic hydrolysis.
P124 : Fermentation Inhibitors in Enzymatic Hydrolysate
Formic Acid, Acetic Acid, Levulinic Acid, Furfural, Hydroxymethylfurfural,
Formic Acid, Acetic Acid, Levulinic Acid, Furfural, Hydroxymethylfurfural,
P125 : Cellulase Saccharification Efficiency
Includes all hydrolysate sugars and kinetics in P121 and: Cellulose Conversion Yield, Cellulose Conversion Rate
Includes all hydrolysate sugars and kinetics in P121 and: Cellulose Conversion Yield, Cellulose Conversion Rate
P126 : Xylanase Saccharification Efficiency
Includes all hydrolysate sugars and kinetics in P121 and: Xylan Conversion Yield, Xylan Conversion Rate
Includes all hydrolysate sugars and kinetics in P121 and: Xylan Conversion Yield, Xylan Conversion Rate
P127 : Amylase Saccharification Efficiency
Total Sugars in Enzyme Hydrolysate, Glucose in Enzyme Hydrolysate, Maltose in Enzyme Hydrolysate, a-Amylase Hydrolysis Kinetics, Glucoamylase Hydrolysis Kinetics,
Total Sugars in Enzyme Hydrolysate, Glucose in Enzyme Hydrolysate, Maltose in Enzyme Hydrolysate, a-Amylase Hydrolysis Kinetics, Glucoamylase Hydrolysis Kinetics,
P12 : Sugars in Solvent Extract
Glucose, Xylose, Fructose, Sucrose, Mannose, Arabinose, Galactose, Rhamnose, Xylitol, Sorbitol, Trehalose, Mannitol, Arabinitol, Glycerol, Raffinose,
Glucose, Xylose, Fructose, Sucrose, Mannose, Arabinose, Galactose, Rhamnose, Xylitol, Sorbitol, Trehalose, Mannitol, Arabinitol, Glycerol, Raffinose,
P22 : Organic Acids and Furans
Levulinic Acid, Formic Acid, Hydroxymethylfurfural, Furfural, Acetic Acid, gamma-Valerolactone,
Levulinic Acid, Formic Acid, Hydroxymethylfurfural, Furfural, Acetic Acid, gamma-Valerolactone,
P24 : Dimers and Trimers from Hemicellulose Hydrolysis
Xylobiose, Xylotriose, Arabinobiose, Arabinotriose,
Xylobiose, Xylotriose, Arabinobiose, Arabinotriose,
P29 : Oligomers from Starch Hydrolysis
Maltose, Maltotriose, Maltotetraose, Maltopentaose, Maltohexaose, Maltoheptaose, Maltooctaose,
Maltose, Maltotriose, Maltotetraose, Maltopentaose, Maltohexaose, Maltoheptaose, Maltooctaose,
P15 : Uronic Acids
Glucuronic Acid, Galacturonic Acid, Mannuronic Acid, Guluronic Acid, 4-O-Methyl-D-Glucuronic Acid, Iduronic Acid,
Glucuronic Acid, Galacturonic Acid, Mannuronic Acid, Guluronic Acid, 4-O-Methyl-D-Glucuronic Acid, Iduronic Acid,
P75 : Seaweed Phytohormones
Gibberellic Acid, Indole-3-acetic acid, Indole-2-acetic acid, Indole-3-propionic acid, Indole-3-butyric acid, 6-Benzylaminopurine, Kinetin riboside, Abscisic acid, Salicylic acid,
Gibberellic Acid, Indole-3-acetic acid, Indole-2-acetic acid, Indole-3-propionic acid, Indole-3-butyric acid, 6-Benzylaminopurine, Kinetin riboside, Abscisic acid, Salicylic acid,
P76 : Seaweed Vitamins (Fat-Soluble)
beta-Carotene, Ergocalciferol (Vitamin D2), Alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E), Phylloquinone (Vitamin K1),
beta-Carotene, Ergocalciferol (Vitamin D2), Alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E), Phylloquinone (Vitamin K1),
P77 : Seaweed Vitamins (Water-Soluble)
Thiamine (Vitamin B1), Riboflavin (Vitamin B2), Niacin (Vitamin B3), Niacinamide (vitamin B3), Pantothenic Acid (Vitamin B5), Pyridoxine (Vitamin B6), Folate (Vitamin B9), Cobalamin (Vitamin B12), Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C),
Thiamine (Vitamin B1), Riboflavin (Vitamin B2), Niacin (Vitamin B3), Niacinamide (vitamin B3), Pantothenic Acid (Vitamin B5), Pyridoxine (Vitamin B6), Folate (Vitamin B9), Cobalamin (Vitamin B12), Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C),
P71 : Seaweed Carbohydrates
Fucose, Mannitol, Glucose, Xylose, Mannose, Arabinose, Galactose, Rhamnose, Total Sugars, Glucuronic Acid, Galacturonic Acid, Mannuronic Acid, Guluronic Acid, Iduronic Acid,
Fucose, Mannitol, Glucose, Xylose, Mannose, Arabinose, Galactose, Rhamnose, Total Sugars, Glucuronic Acid, Galacturonic Acid, Mannuronic Acid, Guluronic Acid, Iduronic Acid,
P72 : Seaweed Amino Acids
Alanine, Arginine, Aspartic Acid, Asparagine, Cystine, Glutamic Acid, Glutamine, Glycine, Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Proline, Serine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Tyrosine, Valine,
Alanine, Arginine, Aspartic Acid, Asparagine, Cystine, Glutamic Acid, Glutamine, Glycine, Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Proline, Serine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Tyrosine, Valine,
P36 : Major Elements
Aluminium, Calcium, Iron, Magnesium, Phosphorus, Potassium, Silicon, Sodium, Titanium,
Aluminium, Calcium, Iron, Magnesium, Phosphorus, Potassium, Silicon, Sodium, Titanium,
P73 : Seaweed Lipids as Fatty Acids
Arachidic Acid, Behenic Acid, Decanoic Acid, Erucic Acid, Lauric Acid, Linoleic Acid, Linolenic Acid, Myristic Acid, Caprylic Acid, Oleic Acid, Palmitic Acid, Palmitoleic Acid, Stearic Acid, Lignoceric Acid,
Arachidic Acid, Behenic Acid, Decanoic Acid, Erucic Acid, Lauric Acid, Linoleic Acid, Linolenic Acid, Myristic Acid, Caprylic Acid, Oleic Acid, Palmitic Acid, Palmitoleic Acid, Stearic Acid, Lignoceric Acid,
P74 : Pigments in Seaweed
Fucoxanthin, Astaxanthin, Chlorophyll-c, Chlorophyll-a, Chlorophyll-b, Lutein, beta-Carotene, Neoxanthin, Antheraxanthin, Violaxanthin,
Fucoxanthin, Astaxanthin, Chlorophyll-c, Chlorophyll-a, Chlorophyll-b, Lutein, beta-Carotene, Neoxanthin, Antheraxanthin, Violaxanthin,
P75 : Seaweed Phytohormones
Gibberellic Acid, Indole-3-acetic acid, Indole-2-acetic acid, Indole-3-propionic acid, Indole-3-butyric acid, 6-Benzylaminopurine, Kinetin riboside, Abscisic acid, Salicylic acid,
Gibberellic Acid, Indole-3-acetic acid, Indole-2-acetic acid, Indole-3-propionic acid, Indole-3-butyric acid, 6-Benzylaminopurine, Kinetin riboside, Abscisic acid, Salicylic acid,
P76 : Seaweed Vitamins (Fat-Soluble)
beta-Carotene, Ergocalciferol (Vitamin D2), Alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E), Phylloquinone (Vitamin K1),
beta-Carotene, Ergocalciferol (Vitamin D2), Alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E), Phylloquinone (Vitamin K1),
P77 : Seaweed Vitamins (Water-Soluble)
Thiamine (Vitamin B1), Riboflavin (Vitamin B2), Niacin (Vitamin B3), Niacinamide (vitamin B3), Pantothenic Acid (Vitamin B5), Pyridoxine (Vitamin B6), Folate (Vitamin B9), Cobalamin (Vitamin B12), Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C),
Thiamine (Vitamin B1), Riboflavin (Vitamin B2), Niacin (Vitamin B3), Niacinamide (vitamin B3), Pantothenic Acid (Vitamin B5), Pyridoxine (Vitamin B6), Folate (Vitamin B9), Cobalamin (Vitamin B12), Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C),
P150 : Plant Pigments
Chlorophyll-a, Chlorophyll-b, Lutein, beta-Carotene, Neoxanthin, Astaxanthin, Zeaxanthin, Antheraxanthin, Violaxanthin,
Chlorophyll-a, Chlorophyll-b, Lutein, beta-Carotene, Neoxanthin, Astaxanthin, Zeaxanthin, Antheraxanthin, Violaxanthin,
P81 : Biomethane Potential - 14 Days
Biomethane Potential (BMP), Total Biogas Volume, Total Solids, Volatile Solids, pH, Biogas Methane Content, Biogas Carbon Dioxide Content, Biogas Oxygen Content, Biogas Hydrogen Sulphide Content, Biogas Ammonia Content,
Biomethane Potential (BMP), Total Biogas Volume, Total Solids, Volatile Solids, pH, Biogas Methane Content, Biogas Carbon Dioxide Content, Biogas Oxygen Content, Biogas Hydrogen Sulphide Content, Biogas Ammonia Content,
P93 : Feedstock Chemical and Biological Analysis
Total Solids, Volatile Solids, pH, Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), Phosphorus, Potassium, Ammonia, Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Sulphur,
Total Solids, Volatile Solids, pH, Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), Phosphorus, Potassium, Ammonia, Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Sulphur,
P95 : Residual Biogas Potential - 14 Days
Residual Biogas Potential (RBP), Total Biogas Volume, Total Solids, Volatile Solids, pH, Biogas Methane Content, Biogas Carbon Dioxide Content, Biogas Oxygen Content, Biogas Hydrogen Sulphide Content, Biogas Ammonia Content,
Residual Biogas Potential (RBP), Total Biogas Volume, Total Solids, Volatile Solids, pH, Biogas Methane Content, Biogas Carbon Dioxide Content, Biogas Oxygen Content, Biogas Hydrogen Sulphide Content, Biogas Ammonia Content,
P222 : Volatile Fatty Acids (VFAs) Speciation
Acetic Acid, Lactic Acid, Propionic Acid, Butyric Acid, Isobutyric Acid, Valeric Acid, Isovaleric Acid,
Acetic Acid, Lactic Acid, Propionic Acid, Butyric Acid, Isobutyric Acid, Valeric Acid, Isovaleric Acid,
P61 : Sugars in Bio-Oil Water Extract
Levoglucosan, Cellobiosan, Mannosan, Galactosan, Glucose, Xylose, Mannose, Arabinose, Galactose, Rhamnose, Fucose, Sucrose, Cellobiose, Total Sugars,
Levoglucosan, Cellobiosan, Mannosan, Galactosan, Glucose, Xylose, Mannose, Arabinose, Galactose, Rhamnose, Fucose, Sucrose, Cellobiose, Total Sugars,
P63 : Semi-Volatile Oxygenated Components in Bio-Oil
31 constituents including Phenol, Furfural, Syringol, and Vanillin
31 constituents including Phenol, Furfural, Syringol, and Vanillin
P360 : Specific Surface Area (5-Point BET)
Specific Surface Area (Nitrogen Gas Adsorption), BET Isotherm (5 Point Using Nitrogen),
Specific Surface Area (Nitrogen Gas Adsorption), BET Isotherm (5 Point Using Nitrogen),
P364 : Pore-Size Distribution
Specific Surface Area (Nitrogen Gas Adsorption), BET Isotherm (20 Point Using Nitrogen), Pore Volume (Using Nitrogen), Pore Size Distribution (Using Nitrogen), Average Pore Width (Using Nitrogen),
Specific Surface Area (Nitrogen Gas Adsorption), BET Isotherm (20 Point Using Nitrogen), Pore Volume (Using Nitrogen), Pore Size Distribution (Using Nitrogen), Average Pore Width (Using Nitrogen),
P366 : Pore Size Distribution Deluxe
Specific Surface Area (Nitrogen Gas Adsorption), BET Isotherm (40 Point Using Nitrogen), Pore Volume (Using Nitrogen), Pore Size Distribution (Using Nitrogen), Average Pore Width (Using Nitrogen),
Specific Surface Area (Nitrogen Gas Adsorption), BET Isotherm (40 Point Using Nitrogen), Pore Volume (Using Nitrogen), Pore Size Distribution (Using Nitrogen), Average Pore Width (Using Nitrogen),
P34 : Calorific Value and Elements
Gross Calorific Value, Net Calorific Value, Ash, Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Sulphur, Oxygen,
Gross Calorific Value, Net Calorific Value, Ash, Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Sulphur, Oxygen,
P36 : Major Elements
Aluminium, Calcium, Iron, Magnesium, Phosphorus, Potassium, Silicon, Sodium, Titanium,
Aluminium, Calcium, Iron, Magnesium, Phosphorus, Potassium, Silicon, Sodium, Titanium,
P37 : Minor Elements
Antimony, Arsenic, Cadmium, Chromium, Cobalt, Copper, Lead, Manganese, Mercury, Molybdenum, Nickel, Vanadium, Zinc,
Antimony, Arsenic, Cadmium, Chromium, Cobalt, Copper, Lead, Manganese, Mercury, Molybdenum, Nickel, Vanadium, Zinc,
P42 : Ash Melting Behaviour (Reducing Conditions)
Ash Shrinkage Starting Temperature (Reducing), Ash Deformation Temperature (Reducing), Ash Hemisphere Temperature (Reducing), Ash Flow Temperature (Reducing),
Ash Shrinkage Starting Temperature (Reducing), Ash Deformation Temperature (Reducing), Ash Hemisphere Temperature (Reducing), Ash Flow Temperature (Reducing),
P393 : Biochar Thermal Properties Deluxe
Moisture, Ash Content (815C), Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Sulphur, Oxygen, Chlorine, Volatile Matter, Fixed Carbon, Aluminium, Calcium, Iron, Magnesium, Phosphorus, Potassium, Silicon, Sodium, Titanium, Gross Calorific Value, Net Calorific Value, Ash Shrinkage Starting Temperature (Reducing), Ash Deformation Temperature (Reducing), Ash Hemisphere Temperature (Reducing), Ash Flow Temperature (Reducing),
Moisture, Ash Content (815C), Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Sulphur, Oxygen, Chlorine, Volatile Matter, Fixed Carbon, Aluminium, Calcium, Iron, Magnesium, Phosphorus, Potassium, Silicon, Sodium, Titanium, Gross Calorific Value, Net Calorific Value, Ash Shrinkage Starting Temperature (Reducing), Ash Deformation Temperature (Reducing), Ash Hemisphere Temperature (Reducing), Ash Flow Temperature (Reducing),
P394 : Biochar Thermal Properties Ultimate
As P393 plus inorganic carbon, organic carbon, TGA (under nitrogen and air), and inherent moisture
As P393 plus inorganic carbon, organic carbon, TGA (under nitrogen and air), and inherent moisture
P36 : Major Elements
Aluminium, Calcium, Iron, Magnesium, Phosphorus, Potassium, Silicon, Sodium, Titanium,
Aluminium, Calcium, Iron, Magnesium, Phosphorus, Potassium, Silicon, Sodium, Titanium,
P37 : Minor Elements
Antimony, Arsenic, Cadmium, Chromium, Cobalt, Copper, Lead, Manganese, Mercury, Molybdenum, Nickel, Vanadium, Zinc,
Antimony, Arsenic, Cadmium, Chromium, Cobalt, Copper, Lead, Manganese, Mercury, Molybdenum, Nickel, Vanadium, Zinc,
P384 : Biochar Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH)
Acenaphthene, Acenaphthylene, Anthracene, Benz[a]anthracene, Benzo[b]fluoranthene, Benzo[k]fluoranthene, Benzo[ghi]perylene, Benzo[a]pyrene, Chrysene, Dibenz[a,h]anthracene, Fluoranthene, Fluorene, Indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene, 1-Methylnaphthalene, 2-Methylnaphthalene, Naphthalene, Phenanthrene, Pyrene,
Acenaphthene, Acenaphthylene, Anthracene, Benz[a]anthracene, Benzo[b]fluoranthene, Benzo[k]fluoranthene, Benzo[ghi]perylene, Benzo[a]pyrene, Chrysene, Dibenz[a,h]anthracene, Fluoranthene, Fluorene, Indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene, 1-Methylnaphthalene, 2-Methylnaphthalene, Naphthalene, Phenanthrene, Pyrene,
P388 : Biochar Plant Growth Trials
Time to Germination, Mean Shoot Length (Week 1), Mean Shoot Length (Week 2), Mean Shoot Length (Week 3), Mean Shoot Length (Week 4), Shoot Weight (Week 4), Mean Root Length (Week 4), Root Weight (Week 4),
Time to Germination, Mean Shoot Length (Week 1), Mean Shoot Length (Week 2), Mean Shoot Length (Week 3), Mean Shoot Length (Week 4), Shoot Weight (Week 4), Mean Root Length (Week 4), Root Weight (Week 4),
P397 : Biochar Soil Amendment Ultimate
As Deluxe package plus P383, SEM Imaging (P387) and Plant Growth Trials (P388)
As Deluxe package plus P383, SEM Imaging (P387) and Plant Growth Trials (P388)
P399 : Biochar Complete Evaluation Package
Includes everything from P391 (Physical Properties Ultimate), P394 (Thermal Properties Ultimate), and P397 (Soil Amendment Ultimate)
Includes everything from P391 (Physical Properties Ultimate), P394 (Thermal Properties Ultimate), and P397 (Soil Amendment Ultimate)
P34 : Calorific Value and Elements
Gross Calorific Value, Net Calorific Value, Ash, Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Sulphur, Oxygen,
Gross Calorific Value, Net Calorific Value, Ash, Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Sulphur, Oxygen,
P36 : Major Elements
Aluminium, Calcium, Iron, Magnesium, Phosphorus, Potassium, Silicon, Sodium, Titanium,
Aluminium, Calcium, Iron, Magnesium, Phosphorus, Potassium, Silicon, Sodium, Titanium,
P37 : Minor Elements
Antimony, Arsenic, Cadmium, Chromium, Cobalt, Copper, Lead, Manganese, Mercury, Molybdenum, Nickel, Vanadium, Zinc,
Antimony, Arsenic, Cadmium, Chromium, Cobalt, Copper, Lead, Manganese, Mercury, Molybdenum, Nickel, Vanadium, Zinc,
P40 : Combustion Package
Volatile Matter, Fixed Carbon, Moisture, Ash, Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Sulphur, Oxygen, Gross Calorific Value, Net Calorific Value, Chlorine,
Volatile Matter, Fixed Carbon, Moisture, Ash, Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Sulphur, Oxygen, Gross Calorific Value, Net Calorific Value, Chlorine,
P41 : Ash Melting Behaviour (Oxidising Conditions)
Ash Shrinkage Starting Temperature (Oxidising), Ash Deformation Temperature (Oxidising), Ash Hemisphere Temperature (Oxidising), Ash Flow Temperature (Oxidising),
Ash Shrinkage Starting Temperature (Oxidising), Ash Deformation Temperature (Oxidising), Ash Hemisphere Temperature (Oxidising), Ash Flow Temperature (Oxidising),
News
Jan 24th 2024
€1.5m Funding Success in CBE-JU
Celignis is a Partner in 3 Successful Proposals for EU Funding
We are pleased to announce that three of the proposals involving Celignis, submitted to the CBE-JU programme for funding collaborative biomass research in Europe, were successful. These projects will provide an additional funding of €1.5m to Celignis and build on our achievements in other CBE and EU projects. In particular, the projects are all at enhanced TRLs (6/7) and will use our existing Celignis Bioprocess infrastructure and will also fund further development of our bioprocessing capacities and the Bioprocess Development Services we offer our clients.
Details on the funded projects are provided below:
BIONEER - This project was funded under CBE-JU topic IA-06 and focuses on the TRL 6/7 production of biobased platform chemicals. Celignis's activities in the project focus on scaling up the work undertaken in our ongoing
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Jan 23rd 2024
Celignis to Exhibit and Present at Major Biochar Event
The 2024 North American Biochar Conference will take place in Sacramento, California, on Feb 12-15
On Feb 12-15 we'll be exhibiting at the 2024 North American Biochar Conference, taking place at the SAFE Credit Union Convention Centre in Sacramento, California.
We're looking forward to interacting with the 1000+ expected attendees, outlining our extensive range of analytical and application testing services for biochar.
Celignis CIO Lalitha Gottumukkala will also be a member of the expert panel focused on developing improved laboratory methods for biochar characterisation.
Click here to register for the event.
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Jan 22nd 2024
Celignis Attending BIC Event on Feb 8
This Networking Event Will Involve Discussions on Collaborations for Proposals to the 2024 CBE-JU Topics
The Circular Bioeconomy Europe Joint Undertaking (CBE-JU) is an organisation that funds biomass research in Europe at various Technology Readiness Levels (TRLs). Since 2016 Celignis has been an active participant in a number of projects funded by the CBE-JU.
The Biobased Industries Consortium (BIC) is the steering committee that helps to steer the focus of research for the CBE-JU programme. In 2023 Celignis joined the BIC as a Full Industry Member and participated in several proposals submitted for different research topics in the CBE-JU's 2023 Work Programme.
On Feb 8th Celignis's Dan Hayes, Lalitha Gottumukkala, and Oscar Bedzo will be attending a BIC networking event in Brussels where we will discuss potential collaborations in the research programme topics recently announced for 2024.
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Jan 19th 2024
We're Hiring - Business Administration & Client Relationship Manager
This position will involve working closely with senior management, fostering existing and new client relationships.
Situated in Limerick, Ireland, Celignis currently operates at two centres, Celignis Analytical and Celignis Bioprocess, actively engaging in a variety of private and public bioeconomy projects. As we continue to expand, we're looking to strengthen our team of 14 with a Business Administration and Client Relationship Manager who can bring a blend of enthusiasm and expertise.
This position will involve working closely with senior management, fostering existing and new client relationships, and ensuring successful delivery of our services, playing a key role in our ongoing growth and success.
Click here for more details about the position.
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Apr 30th 2023
Celignis to Sponsor and Present at Major Biochar Event
The event takes place on May 3rd at Carrick-on-Shannon
We are pleased to announce that, on May 3rd, Celignis will be presenting and exhibiting at the National Biochar and Carbon Products Conference 2023, which is taking place in Carrick-on-Shannon in County Leitrm, Ireland.
This conference is being organised under the auspices of the Interreg Northwest Europe-funded THREE C Project, entitled 'Creating and sustaining Charcoal value chains to promote a Circular Carbon economy in NWE Europe'.
The conference will highlight both Irish stakeholders who are currently working in the biochar and carbon products sector, but also partners from the THREE C project (covering Netherlands, Luxembourg, Germany, Belgium, France and Wales, as well as Ireland) who have interesting stories and products to share.
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