Production of Xylitol from Biomass
Biobased Chemicals - Background
Rationale for Biobased Chemicals Production
The production of chemicals from biomass, also known as bio-based chemicals, plays a critical role in creating a sustainable and environmentally friendly future, particularly as the world strives to reduce dependence on fossil fuels. Some of the advantages of biobased chemicals are listed below:- Climate Change Mitigation - Unlike fossil fuels, bio-based chemicals are made from plant materials that recently absorbed carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.
- Security of Supply - Fossil fuel supply often is reliant on geopolitically unstable regions. Developing domestic sources of biomass and the infrastructure to convert such feedstocks to chemicals, can help improve national chemicals security.
- Sustainable Development - Biomass can often be produced and processed locally, promoting rural development and creating jobs in agriculture, industry, and research.
- Waste Management - Biomass for bio-based chemicals can come from waste residues from agriculture, forestry, or even municipal waste. Using these waste streams for biobased chemicals can help solve waste disposal problems.
- Biodegradability - Many bio-based chemicals and the products made from them are biodegradable, avoiding environmental pollution associated with many fossil-derived resources.
- Resource Efficiency - The use of biomass as a raw material can contribute to a more circular economy, where waste from one process becomes the feedstock for another. This approach increases resource efficiency and reduces environmental impact compared to linear models of production.
Approaches for the Production of Biobased Chemicals
There are two main ways in which biobased chemicals can be obtained from biomass feedstocks:- Direct Extraction from Biomass - In this approach the target chemicals already exist within the feedstock. Hence, the focus of the bioprocess is on the extraction of the target chemical and then on subsequent separation and purification steps. CBD (cannabidiol), an alkaloid obtained from extracts of the hemp (cannabis) plant, is one example, among thousands, of a biobased chemical obtained this way.
- Production from Biomass or Biomass-Derived Compounds - Here the biobased chemical does not exist natively in the feedstock but is produced from it. This conversion can involve chemical, thermal, catalytic, and biological approaches or a combination of these. It is usually the case that the key stage of the bioprocess, where the biobased chemical is produced, works on a fraction, or derivative, of the original biomass feedstock. For example, ethanol can be produced via fermentation of the monomeric sugars obtained when the lignocellulosic polysaccharides (cellulose and/or hemicellulose) are hydrolysed. Alternatively, ethanol can also be produced via catalytic reforming of the syngas produced in the gasification of biomass.
How Celignis Can Help
At Celignis our multidisciplinary team has strong understanding of: biomass chemistry, bioprocessing technologies, and the mechanisms and challenges involved in producing a wide variety of biobased chemicals. We are ready to work with you on developing a suitable bioprocess to either obtain your targeted biobased chemical from biomass or to obtain the most appropriate biobased chemicals from a given feedstock.
Xylitol Chemistry and Applications
Xylitol is a five-carbon sugar alcohol, chemically classified as a polyol. It is a white crystalline solid that is soluble in water, with a sweet taste similar to that of sucrose. It has the chemical formula C5H12O5.As a sugar alcohol, xylitol is neither a sugar nor an alcohol in the traditional sense, but shares some properties with both. It has the same sweetness as sucrose, but with approximately 40% fewer calories, which makes it a popular choice as a sugar substitute in many "sugar-free" and "low-calorie" products.
Xylitol has many important applications, a few of these are listed below:
- Food Industry - Xylitol is used extensively in the food industry as a sugar substitute. It is used in a variety of products including chewing gum, candy, baked goods, and other food items, particularly those marketed as "sugar-free" or "low-calorie."
- Dental Health - One of the unique benefits of xylitol is its ability to help prevent tooth decay. Unlike sugars, which can contribute to tooth decay, xylitol is not fermented by oral bacteria, and thus does not produce the acids that lead to tooth decay. It can even inhibit the growth of certain bacteria, such as Streptococcus mutans, which are known to cause tooth decay.
- Pharmaceuticals - Xylitol is used in pharmaceuticals and personal care products like toothpaste, mouthwash, and certain over-the-counter drugs due to its antibacterial properties and its ability to increase the bioavailability of certain drugs.
- Nutraceuticals - Due to its low calorie content and low glycemic index (it is metabolized independently of insulin), xylitol is popular in nutraceuticals and food products designed for diabetics and those on calorie-restricted diets.
History of Xylitol Production
The history of xylitol production goes back to the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Xylitol was first discovered and isolated by German and French chemists in the late 19th century, though it remained a relatively obscure compound for several decades due to the lack of efficient production methods.The interest in xylitol production increased during World War II due to sugar shortages. Finland, a country rich in birch trees, began to investigate the production of xylitol from the xylan-rich hemicellulose fraction of birch wood as a substitute for sugar. This marked the beginning of large-scale xylitol production.
Early xylitol production processes were based on the acid hydrolysis of hardwood xylan to yield xylose, which was then reduced to xylitol by catalytic hydrogenation. However, these early processes were energy-intensive and had relatively low yields.
In the second half of the 20th century, more efficient processes were developed. A significant advance was the development of the so-called "sugar platform" approach, which involves the enzymatic hydrolysis of hemicellulose to produce xylose, followed by microbial fermentation to convert the xylose into xylitol. This process, although more efficient than acid hydrolysis, is still challenging due to the relatively low yields and the need for extensive purification of the final product.
Most commercial xylitol is still produced by the catalytic hydrogenation of xylose derived from hardwoods or corncobs. These processes can be considered "biobased" in the sense that they start from renewable feedstocks, but they still rely on industrial chemical processes for the actual production of xylitol.
There's currently interest in producing xylitol via microbial fermentation directly from lignocellulosic biomass. However, this approach presents its own challenges, including the need to develop more efficient microbial strains and processes.
Biomass Hydrolysis to Xylose
Xylitol is currently mostly produced from the pentose sugars (primarily xylose) present in the hemicellulose polysaccharides of lignocellulosic feedstocks.The first step is to hydrolyse hemicellulose in order to obtain these monomers. This hydrolysis can involve enzymes and be undertaken alongside the hydrolysis of cellulose. However, depending on the pretreatment method used, hemicellulose may end up in the liquid output stream of that pretreatment. For example, hemicelluloses tend to be well hydrolysed in dilute-acid pretreatments and, depending on the process conditions, in hydrothermal (Liquid Hot Water) pretreatments. Hence, the production of xylitol can be a means of valorising the pretreatment liquid sidestreams in bioprocesses involving the pretreatment of biomass for subsequent enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose.
Catalytic Production of Xylitol from Xylose
The chemical approach to xylitol production from xylose generally involves a process known as catalytic hydrogenation. The main steps and parameters of the process are described below:- Feeding the Reactants: Xylose and hydrogen are fed into a reaction vessel. The xylose can be in a pure form or as part of a solution, whilst the hydrogen is typically provided as a gas.
- Catalysis: The reaction is facilitated by a catalyst, typically a metal such as nickel, ruthenium, or palladium supported on a carrier like silica or activated carbon. The catalyst accelerates the hydrogenation process, helping the hydrogen atoms to be added across the carbonyl group in xylose, reducing it to the alcohol group in xylitol.
- Reaction conditions: The reaction is typically carried out at elevated temperatures (100-160 °C) and pressures (20-50 bar), although this can vary depending on the specific process and catalyst used. The pH of the reaction is also controlled, as it can affect the selectivity of the hydrogenation reaction towards xylitol.
- Product Separation: After the reaction, the product mixture typically needs to be separated and purified. This can involve steps such as filtration to remove the catalyst, evaporation to concentrate the xylitol, and crystallization to obtain pure xylitol.
Xylitol via Fermentation of Xylose
An alternative to the chemical approach for xylitol production is to use microorganisms, such as yeast or bacteria, that have the ability to convert xylose into xylitol. The process is essentially a specialized form of fermentation.Several species of yeasts and bacteria have been identified as potential candidates for this fermentation, including species of Candida, Pichia, and Debaryomyces. Some microorganisms naturally produce xylitol, while others have been genetically modified to enhance their xylitol production capabilities. Some yeast strains have been shown to tolerate high sugar concentrations and produce high xylitol yields.
During the fermentation process the microorganisms metabolize xylose primarily through the pentose phosphate pathway. In this pathway, xylose is first reduced to xylitol by xylose reductase, an enzyme that the microorganisms produce. This step requires the co-factor NADPH. Xylitol is then oxidized to xylulose by xylitol dehydrogenase using NAD+. However, the latter step is typically slower and less efficient, leading to an accumulation of xylitol, which is then excreted by the cells.
Some important parameters for the fermentation are described below:
- Fermentation Time - Fermentation time can affect xylitol yield. In batch fermentation, the process might take several days. In continuous or fed-batch fermentation, it is controlled by feeding rates and other parameters.
- Fermentation Mode - The mode of fermentation can influence xylitol production. In batch fermentation, all nutrients are added at the beginning, while in fed-batch or continuous fermentation, nutrients are added over time. Fed-batch or continuous fermentation can potentially give higher xylitol yields, as they allow better control over the fermentation conditions.
- Presence of Fermentation Inhibitors - Depending on the source of xylose (e.g the hydrolysis or pretreatment method employed), the feed may contain toxic compounds that inhibit the growth of the microorganisms or the fermentation process. These toxins need to be removed or neutralized before or during fermentation. Alternatively, microorganisms that are less sensitive to these inhibitors should be used.
Chemical Vs Biological Approach
Advantages of the chemical method over the biological method:- High yield - The chemical method generally provides a high yield, often greater than 90%.
- Robust and Predictable - The process is less susceptible to contamination compared to biological methods and it has less variability, leading to more predictable outputs.
- Scalability - This method is often used in commercial production as it can be effectively scaled up for industrial application.
- High Energy Consumption - The process requires high temperatures and pressures, leading to substantial energy consumption.
- Use of Hazardous Materials - The use of potentially dangerous substances like hydrogen gas and catalysts like nickel, ruthenium, or palladium can pose safety and environmental risks.
- Catalyst Deactivation - he catalyst may need to be frequently replaced due to deactivation over time, adding to the process costs.
- Lower Energy Requirements - The process operates at ambient or near-ambient conditions, resulting in less energy consumption.
- Environmentally Friendly - It does not require the use of harsh chemicals, and does not generate hazardous waste.
- Flexibility - There's potential for further transformation of xylose into other value-added products due to the metabolic versatility of microorganisms.
- Lower Yield - The yield of xylitol is typically lower than the chemical method, though research is ongoing to improve this.
- Contamination Risks - The fermentation process is susceptible to contamination, which could disrupt xylitol production.
- Feedstock Issues - The hydrolysates used as feedstock can contain inhibitors that negatively impact microbial growth and fermentation, necessitating additional detoxification steps.
- Separation and Purification - The fermentation broth contains various by-products, necessitating extensive purification steps to obtain pure xylitol.
Xylitol from Hexose Sugars
While xylitol is typically derived from the pentose sugar xylose, it is also possible to produce xylitol from hexose sugars like glucose, derived from the cellulose fraction of lignocellulosic biomass. This involves the use of certain microorganisms that can convert hexose sugars into xylitol. It is worth noting, however, that this process is less straightforward and efficient than the direct reduction of xylose to xylitol, and is still a subject of ongoing research.One approach for converting hexose sugars into xylitol involves genetically engineered microorganisms. Through metabolic engineering, the natural metabolic pathways in these microorganisms can be modified to divert glucose metabolism towards the production of xylitol. A commonly used microorganism for this purpose is Saccharomyces cerevisiae (yeast), which naturally metabolizes glucose through glycolysis. By introducing the genes for xylose reductase and xylitol dehydrogenase (enzymes that convert xylose into xylitol), and modifying other metabolic pathways, the yeast can be engineered to convert glucose into xylitol.
However, it is important to highlight that this is a challenging process. Glucose naturally tends to be metabolized to ethanol in yeast, and redirecting this metabolism towards xylitol production requires significant metabolic engineering. Furthermore, the yield of xylitol from glucose is typically lower than that from xylose, as the conversion involves more steps and is less direct. Therefore, while it is technically possible to produce xylitol from hexose sugars, it is typically more practical and efficient to use pentose sugars like xylose as the starting material and then to use the biomass-derived hexose sugars as substrates for the production of other biobased chemicals (e.g. bioethanol, biobutanol etc.).
Higher-Value Chemicals from Xylitol
Xylitol can be also be upgraded to other higher value chemicals. Below are listed a few examples of chemicals that can be derived from xylitol:- Furans - Xylitol can be converted into furanic compounds, such as furfural and hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), through dehydration reactions. Furans are versatile platform chemicals that can be further transformed into a variety of high-value chemicals and materials.
- Xylaric acid - Xylitol can be oxidized to form xylaric acid, a compound with potential applications in biodegradable polymers and as a building block for chemical synthesis.
- Xylonates - Oxidation of xylitol can also lead to the production of xylonates, such as xylonic acid, which has potential uses in food, pharmaceuticals, and chemical industries.
- Polyols - Xylitol is itself a polyol, but it can also be chemically modified to produce other polyols with different properties, which can be used in various applications like pharmaceuticals, food products, and polymer synthesis.
- Biofuels - Xylitol can be used as a starting material for the production of biofuels. For example, it can be converted into butanol through a series of fermentation and catalytic steps.
At Celignis, we have the expertise and infrastructure to be able to produce xylitol from biomass-derived sugars
using both the chemical/catalytic and biological approaches. Developing a fully-integrated process for xylitol production from a
feedstock involves a number of different steps, outlined below. We can work on projects
where all these steps are undertaken or we can focus on the optimisation of a particular stage in the process. The latter is
particularly relevant where our clients already have a
technology for xylitol production and are looking for optimising the process at particular nodes. Additionally,
where an exisiting bioproces, for example one focused on cellulose valorisation,
already has a side-stream containing
xylose (for example, as the liquid output of its pretreatment)
then our work can focus on tailoring a bioprocess for the production of xylitol from that side-stream.
1. Understanding Your Requirements
Prior to undertaking bioprocess projects we learn from our clients what their targets are from the process as well as whether there are any restrictions or requirements that may need to form the boundaries of the work that we undertake. These help to guide us to then prepare a potential bioprocess development project.
For example, in the context of xylitol production, the primary focus of one client may be on the production of xylitol in the highest possible yields from a particular feedstock whereas, for another client, the primary focus may be on cellulose valorisation, with the production of xylitol from the xylose fraction being a lower priority. These different preferences are likely to influence our choices of pretreatment technology, hydrolysis and fermentation approaches, and process conditions.
Additionally, based on their existing infrastructure or other factors, the client may express a preference for a certain route (chemical or biological) for the production of xylitol which will affect our choices in subsequent stages of the project.
2. Detailed Feedstock Analysis
In cases where you have already selected a feedstock for the bioprocess, we would then undertake a detailed compositional analysis (P10 or, ideally, P19) of representative samples of that feedstock.
In cases where the feedstock has not yet been selected we can review your list of candidate feedstocks, selecting top candidates based on our prior experience in their analysis and bioprocessing. If you do not have a list of candidate feedstocks then we can provide one, based on your location and the requirements outlined in Stage 1. We would then analyse in detail these priority feedstocks and come to a decision, based on the compositional data and other relevant factors (e.g. price, supply, consistency etc.) on a selected feedstock for the project.
At this point of the project, the Celignis Bioprocess team typically meet to discuss and prepare a project proposal for the development of a bioprocess for xylitol production from this feedstock. After this proposal is reviewed by the client, and revised if needed, we are then ready to start work on the next stages.
3. Hydrolysis to Xylose (Lab-Scale)
We will undertake a number of hydrolysis experiments, focused on the extraction of xylose from the feedstock. These are often termed pretreatment experiments, when considering lignocellulosic biomass as a whole since methods for hemicellulose hydrolysis may not hydrolyse cellulose. Alternatively, depending on the we workplan established in Stage 2, we can work on the more extensive hydrolysis of biomass, releasing sugars from both hemicellulose and cellulose. However this approach would itself require some form of pretreatment in order to allow for the enzymes to effectively hydrolyse the biomass.
Our hydrolysis experiments will follow a scientifically-based Design of Experiments (DoE) protocol where the criteria and boundaries for this DoE are formulated in close collaboration with our clients, considering the chemistry of the feedstock(s) and our understandings of the mechanisms of biomass hydrolysis conversion.
We usually recommend that these initial optimisation experiments are undertaken at the lab-scale (around TRL3) in order to reduce costs and the length of the project. For each experiment we analyse the solid and liquid outputs of the process, leading to a detailed data-set where effects of process conditions on the yield and composition of the various streams can be explored and mapped.
We can also undertake a second iteration of lab-scale experiments in order to fine-tune the conditions based on the knowledge gained in the initial experiments.
4. Xylitol Production
At the project proposal stage we will have decided with regards to whether the chemical or biological route would be applied for the production of xylitol from xylose.
In either case, our experimental work would follow a Design of Experiments (DoE) protocol, as outlined in Stage 3, in order to optimise the various process parameters for xylitol production. As before, these optimisation experiments are recommended to be undertaken at the lab-scale in order to accelerate the outputs and reduce project costs.
This stage can follow the hydrolysis optimisation activities, however in some cases it is recommended that these two stages overlap due to the interdependencies between them with regards to the ultimate yields and efficiencies of xylitol production.
5. Xylitol Recovery
Based on the outputs of the prior lab-scale Stages we can optimise the methods employed for separating and purifying the xylitol from the process. We can also potentially look at the recovery of other compounds from the liquid.
It is possible for this Stage to run alongside Stage 4.
6. Valorisation of Remaining Biomass
Depending on the pretreatment, hydrolysis, and fermentation processess employed in the project, we can look at valorising those biomass components that are not used for xylitol production. For example, we can assess the cellulose residue as a feedstock for enzymatic hydrolysis and for the subsequent fermentation of the liberated glucose to bioethanol.
7. Validation at Higher TRLs
Once we have concluded our optimisation of the xylitol bioprocess conditions at the lab-scale we can then test those conditions at higher technology readiness levels (TRLs). The scales at which we can operate are dependent on the type of technology employed, but can reach up to 100 litres.
We have all of the necessary downstream equipment to efficiently handle the solid and liquid streams arising from these scaled-up activities.
If we find that there are differences between the yield and compositions of the different streams, compared with our lab-scale experiments, then we can explore the potential reasons for these and work on final tweaks to optimise the bioprocess for higher TRLs.
8. Technoeconomic Analysis (TEA)
The Celignis team, including Oscar our chief TEA expert, can undertake a detailed technoeconomic analysis of the developed process. We apply accurate and realistic costing models to determine the CAPEX and OPEX of simulated and pilot scale processes which are then used to determine key economic indicators such as IRR, NPV and payback periods.
Within these TEAs we can undertake sensitivity analyses to assess the effect of variable costs and revenues on the commercial viability of the xylitol production process.
Our preferred approach is to include TEA studies at each stage of the development of the bioprocess, so that the process can be optimised in a commercially-relevant way, followed by a more detailed TEA after the process has been optimised and tested at higher TRL levels.
Click here to read more about the technoeconomic analysis (TEA) services offered by Celignis.
With regards to the development and optimisation of bioprocesses for the production of xylitol from biomass, the
Celignis Bioprocess team members with the most experience in undertaking such projects are listed below.
Feel free to contact them to discuss potential projects.
Lalitha Gottumukkala
Founder of Celignis Bioprocess, CIO of Celignis
PhD
Has a deep understanding of all biological and chemical aspects of bioproceses. Has developed Celignis into a renowned provider of bioprocess development services to a global network of clients.
Oscar Bedzo
Bioprocess Project Manager & Technoeconomic Analysis Lead
PhD
A dynamic, purpose-driven chemical engineer with expertise in bioprocess development, process design, simulation and techno-economic analysis over several years in the bioeconomy sector.
Dan Hayes
Celignis CEO And Founder
PhD (Analytical Chemistry)
Dreamer and achiever. Took Celignis from a concept in a research project to being the bioeconomy's premier provider of analytical and bioprocessing expertise.
Bioethanol
Eethanol is a 2-carbon alcohol that is used for many important applications including as a: biofuel,
solvent, disinfectant, and a feedstock in the chemical industry. It is produced from the fermentation of
biomass-derived sugars.
Biobutanol
Butanol is a four-carbon alcohol (C4H9OH) that has applications as a biofuel and
a chemical feedstock. Its production is generally achieved via a microbial fermentation process,
often using species of bacteria from the Clostridium genus
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Analysis Packages
P8 : Lignin Content
Lignin (Klason), Lignin (Acid Soluble), Acid Insoluble Residue, Ash (Acid Insoluble),
Lignin (Klason), Lignin (Acid Soluble), Acid Insoluble Residue, Ash (Acid Insoluble),
P19 : Deluxe Lignocellulose Package
As P10 plus protein-corrected lignin, water-soluble sugars, uronic acids, acetyl content and starch.
As P10 plus protein-corrected lignin, water-soluble sugars, uronic acids, acetyl content and starch.
P15 : Uronic Acids
Glucuronic Acid, Galacturonic Acid, Mannuronic Acid, Guluronic Acid, 4-O-Methyl-D-Glucuronic Acid, Iduronic Acid,
Glucuronic Acid, Galacturonic Acid, Mannuronic Acid, Guluronic Acid, 4-O-Methyl-D-Glucuronic Acid, Iduronic Acid,
P121 : Evaluation of Biomass for Enzymatic Digestibility
Total Sugars in Enzyme Hydrolysate, Glucose in Enzyme Hydrolysate, Xylose in Enzyme Hydrolysate, Arabinose in Enzyme Hydrolysate, Mannose in Enzyme Hydrolysate, Galactose in Enzyme Hydrolysate, Rhamnose in Enzyme Hydrolysate, Cellobiose in Enzyme Hydrolysate, Enzymatic Hydrolysis Kinetics, Cellulose Conversion Yield, Xylan Conversion Yield, Combined Sugar Yield, Cellulose Conversion Rate, Xylan Conversion Rate,
Total Sugars in Enzyme Hydrolysate, Glucose in Enzyme Hydrolysate, Xylose in Enzyme Hydrolysate, Arabinose in Enzyme Hydrolysate, Mannose in Enzyme Hydrolysate, Galactose in Enzyme Hydrolysate, Rhamnose in Enzyme Hydrolysate, Cellobiose in Enzyme Hydrolysate, Enzymatic Hydrolysis Kinetics, Cellulose Conversion Yield, Xylan Conversion Yield, Combined Sugar Yield, Cellulose Conversion Rate, Xylan Conversion Rate,
P122 : Evaluation of Pre-Treatment on Enzymatic Digestibility
As P121 plus comparisons with data from the non-pretreated original sample, including: Increase in Cellulose Accessibility after Pre-Treatment, Percent Increase in Cellulose Conversion Efficiency, Percent Increase in Cellulose Conversion Rate.
As P121 plus comparisons with data from the non-pretreated original sample, including: Increase in Cellulose Accessibility after Pre-Treatment, Percent Increase in Cellulose Conversion Efficiency, Percent Increase in Cellulose Conversion Rate.
P123 : Composition of Residue from Enzymatic Hydrolysis
As P9 but on the solid residue after enzymatic hydrolysis.
As P9 but on the solid residue after enzymatic hydrolysis.
P124 : Fermentation Inhibitors in Enzymatic Hydrolysate
Formic Acid, Acetic Acid, Levulinic Acid, Furfural, Hydroxymethylfurfural,
Formic Acid, Acetic Acid, Levulinic Acid, Furfural, Hydroxymethylfurfural,
P125 : Cellulase Saccharification Efficiency
Includes all hydrolysate sugars and kinetics in P121 and: Cellulose Conversion Yield, Cellulose Conversion Rate
Includes all hydrolysate sugars and kinetics in P121 and: Cellulose Conversion Yield, Cellulose Conversion Rate
P126 : Xylanase Saccharification Efficiency
Includes all hydrolysate sugars and kinetics in P121 and: Xylan Conversion Yield, Xylan Conversion Rate
Includes all hydrolysate sugars and kinetics in P121 and: Xylan Conversion Yield, Xylan Conversion Rate
P127 : Amylase Saccharification Efficiency
Total Sugars in Enzyme Hydrolysate, Glucose in Enzyme Hydrolysate, Maltose in Enzyme Hydrolysate, a-Amylase Hydrolysis Kinetics, Glucoamylase Hydrolysis Kinetics,
Total Sugars in Enzyme Hydrolysate, Glucose in Enzyme Hydrolysate, Maltose in Enzyme Hydrolysate, a-Amylase Hydrolysis Kinetics, Glucoamylase Hydrolysis Kinetics,
P12 : Sugars in Solvent Extract
Glucose, Xylose, Fructose, Sucrose, Mannose, Arabinose, Galactose, Rhamnose, Xylitol, Sorbitol, Trehalose, Mannitol, Arabinitol, Glycerol, Raffinose,
Glucose, Xylose, Fructose, Sucrose, Mannose, Arabinose, Galactose, Rhamnose, Xylitol, Sorbitol, Trehalose, Mannitol, Arabinitol, Glycerol, Raffinose,
P22 : Organic Acids and Furans
Levulinic Acid, Formic Acid, Hydroxymethylfurfural, Furfural, Acetic Acid, gamma-Valerolactone,
Levulinic Acid, Formic Acid, Hydroxymethylfurfural, Furfural, Acetic Acid, gamma-Valerolactone,
P24 : Dimers and Trimers from Hemicellulose Hydrolysis
Xylobiose, Xylotriose, Arabinobiose, Arabinotriose,
Xylobiose, Xylotriose, Arabinobiose, Arabinotriose,
P29 : Oligomers from Starch Hydrolysis
Maltose, Maltotriose, Maltotetraose, Maltopentaose, Maltohexaose, Maltoheptaose, Maltooctaose,
Maltose, Maltotriose, Maltotetraose, Maltopentaose, Maltohexaose, Maltoheptaose, Maltooctaose,
P15 : Uronic Acids
Glucuronic Acid, Galacturonic Acid, Mannuronic Acid, Guluronic Acid, 4-O-Methyl-D-Glucuronic Acid, Iduronic Acid,
Glucuronic Acid, Galacturonic Acid, Mannuronic Acid, Guluronic Acid, 4-O-Methyl-D-Glucuronic Acid, Iduronic Acid,
P75 : Seaweed Phytohormones
Gibberellic Acid, Indole-3-acetic acid, Indole-2-acetic acid, Indole-3-propionic acid, Indole-3-butyric acid, 6-Benzylaminopurine, Kinetin riboside, Abscisic acid, Salicylic acid,
Gibberellic Acid, Indole-3-acetic acid, Indole-2-acetic acid, Indole-3-propionic acid, Indole-3-butyric acid, 6-Benzylaminopurine, Kinetin riboside, Abscisic acid, Salicylic acid,
P76 : Seaweed Vitamins (Fat-Soluble)
beta-Carotene, Ergocalciferol (Vitamin D2), Alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E), Phylloquinone (Vitamin K1),
beta-Carotene, Ergocalciferol (Vitamin D2), Alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E), Phylloquinone (Vitamin K1),
P77 : Seaweed Vitamins (Water-Soluble)
Thiamine (Vitamin B1), Riboflavin (Vitamin B2), Niacin (Vitamin B3), Niacinamide (vitamin B3), Pantothenic Acid (Vitamin B5), Pyridoxine (Vitamin B6), Folate (Vitamin B9), Cobalamin (Vitamin B12), Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C),
Thiamine (Vitamin B1), Riboflavin (Vitamin B2), Niacin (Vitamin B3), Niacinamide (vitamin B3), Pantothenic Acid (Vitamin B5), Pyridoxine (Vitamin B6), Folate (Vitamin B9), Cobalamin (Vitamin B12), Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C),
P71 : Seaweed Carbohydrates
Fucose, Mannitol, Glucose, Xylose, Mannose, Arabinose, Galactose, Rhamnose, Total Sugars, Glucuronic Acid, Galacturonic Acid, Mannuronic Acid, Guluronic Acid, Iduronic Acid,
Fucose, Mannitol, Glucose, Xylose, Mannose, Arabinose, Galactose, Rhamnose, Total Sugars, Glucuronic Acid, Galacturonic Acid, Mannuronic Acid, Guluronic Acid, Iduronic Acid,
P72 : Seaweed Amino Acids
Alanine, Arginine, Aspartic Acid, Asparagine, Cystine, Glutamic Acid, Glutamine, Glycine, Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Proline, Serine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Tyrosine, Valine,
Alanine, Arginine, Aspartic Acid, Asparagine, Cystine, Glutamic Acid, Glutamine, Glycine, Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Proline, Serine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Tyrosine, Valine,
P36 : Major Elements
Aluminium, Calcium, Iron, Magnesium, Phosphorus, Potassium, Silicon, Sodium, Titanium,
Aluminium, Calcium, Iron, Magnesium, Phosphorus, Potassium, Silicon, Sodium, Titanium,
P73 : Seaweed Lipids as Fatty Acids
Arachidic Acid, Behenic Acid, Decanoic Acid, Erucic Acid, Lauric Acid, Linoleic Acid, Linolenic Acid, Myristic Acid, Caprylic Acid, Oleic Acid, Palmitic Acid, Palmitoleic Acid, Stearic Acid, Lignoceric Acid,
Arachidic Acid, Behenic Acid, Decanoic Acid, Erucic Acid, Lauric Acid, Linoleic Acid, Linolenic Acid, Myristic Acid, Caprylic Acid, Oleic Acid, Palmitic Acid, Palmitoleic Acid, Stearic Acid, Lignoceric Acid,
P74 : Pigments in Seaweed
Fucoxanthin, Astaxanthin, Chlorophyll-c, Chlorophyll-a, Chlorophyll-b, Lutein, beta-Carotene, Neoxanthin, Antheraxanthin, Violaxanthin,
Fucoxanthin, Astaxanthin, Chlorophyll-c, Chlorophyll-a, Chlorophyll-b, Lutein, beta-Carotene, Neoxanthin, Antheraxanthin, Violaxanthin,
P75 : Seaweed Phytohormones
Gibberellic Acid, Indole-3-acetic acid, Indole-2-acetic acid, Indole-3-propionic acid, Indole-3-butyric acid, 6-Benzylaminopurine, Kinetin riboside, Abscisic acid, Salicylic acid,
Gibberellic Acid, Indole-3-acetic acid, Indole-2-acetic acid, Indole-3-propionic acid, Indole-3-butyric acid, 6-Benzylaminopurine, Kinetin riboside, Abscisic acid, Salicylic acid,
P76 : Seaweed Vitamins (Fat-Soluble)
beta-Carotene, Ergocalciferol (Vitamin D2), Alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E), Phylloquinone (Vitamin K1),
beta-Carotene, Ergocalciferol (Vitamin D2), Alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E), Phylloquinone (Vitamin K1),
P77 : Seaweed Vitamins (Water-Soluble)
Thiamine (Vitamin B1), Riboflavin (Vitamin B2), Niacin (Vitamin B3), Niacinamide (vitamin B3), Pantothenic Acid (Vitamin B5), Pyridoxine (Vitamin B6), Folate (Vitamin B9), Cobalamin (Vitamin B12), Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C),
Thiamine (Vitamin B1), Riboflavin (Vitamin B2), Niacin (Vitamin B3), Niacinamide (vitamin B3), Pantothenic Acid (Vitamin B5), Pyridoxine (Vitamin B6), Folate (Vitamin B9), Cobalamin (Vitamin B12), Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C),
P150 : Plant Pigments
Chlorophyll-a, Chlorophyll-b, Lutein, beta-Carotene, Neoxanthin, Astaxanthin, Zeaxanthin, Antheraxanthin, Violaxanthin,
Chlorophyll-a, Chlorophyll-b, Lutein, beta-Carotene, Neoxanthin, Astaxanthin, Zeaxanthin, Antheraxanthin, Violaxanthin,
P81 : Biomethane Potential - 14 Days
Biomethane Potential (BMP), Total Biogas Volume, Total Solids, Volatile Solids, pH, Biogas Methane Content, Biogas Carbon Dioxide Content, Biogas Oxygen Content, Biogas Hydrogen Sulphide Content, Biogas Ammonia Content,
Biomethane Potential (BMP), Total Biogas Volume, Total Solids, Volatile Solids, pH, Biogas Methane Content, Biogas Carbon Dioxide Content, Biogas Oxygen Content, Biogas Hydrogen Sulphide Content, Biogas Ammonia Content,
P93 : Feedstock Chemical and Biological Analysis
Total Solids, Volatile Solids, pH, Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), Phosphorus, Potassium, Ammonia, Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Sulphur,
Total Solids, Volatile Solids, pH, Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), Phosphorus, Potassium, Ammonia, Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Sulphur,
P95 : Residual Biogas Potential - 14 Days
Residual Biogas Potential (RBP), Total Biogas Volume, Total Solids, Volatile Solids, pH, Biogas Methane Content, Biogas Carbon Dioxide Content, Biogas Oxygen Content, Biogas Hydrogen Sulphide Content, Biogas Ammonia Content,
Residual Biogas Potential (RBP), Total Biogas Volume, Total Solids, Volatile Solids, pH, Biogas Methane Content, Biogas Carbon Dioxide Content, Biogas Oxygen Content, Biogas Hydrogen Sulphide Content, Biogas Ammonia Content,
P222 : Volatile Fatty Acids (VFAs) Speciation
Acetic Acid, Lactic Acid, Propionic Acid, Butyric Acid, Isobutyric Acid, Valeric Acid, Isovaleric Acid,
Acetic Acid, Lactic Acid, Propionic Acid, Butyric Acid, Isobutyric Acid, Valeric Acid, Isovaleric Acid,
P61 : Sugars in Bio-Oil Water Extract
Levoglucosan, Cellobiosan, Mannosan, Galactosan, Glucose, Xylose, Mannose, Arabinose, Galactose, Rhamnose, Fucose, Sucrose, Cellobiose, Total Sugars,
Levoglucosan, Cellobiosan, Mannosan, Galactosan, Glucose, Xylose, Mannose, Arabinose, Galactose, Rhamnose, Fucose, Sucrose, Cellobiose, Total Sugars,
P63 : Semi-Volatile Oxygenated Components in Bio-Oil
31 constituents including Phenol, Furfural, Syringol, and Vanillin
31 constituents including Phenol, Furfural, Syringol, and Vanillin
P360 : Specific Surface Area (5-Point BET)
Specific Surface Area (Nitrogen Gas Adsorption), BET Isotherm (5 Point Using Nitrogen),
Specific Surface Area (Nitrogen Gas Adsorption), BET Isotherm (5 Point Using Nitrogen),
P364 : Pore-Size Distribution
Specific Surface Area (Nitrogen Gas Adsorption), BET Isotherm (20 Point Using Nitrogen), Pore Volume (Using Nitrogen), Pore Size Distribution (Using Nitrogen), Average Pore Width (Using Nitrogen),
Specific Surface Area (Nitrogen Gas Adsorption), BET Isotherm (20 Point Using Nitrogen), Pore Volume (Using Nitrogen), Pore Size Distribution (Using Nitrogen), Average Pore Width (Using Nitrogen),
P366 : Pore Size Distribution Deluxe
Specific Surface Area (Nitrogen Gas Adsorption), BET Isotherm (40 Point Using Nitrogen), Pore Volume (Using Nitrogen), Pore Size Distribution (Using Nitrogen), Average Pore Width (Using Nitrogen),
Specific Surface Area (Nitrogen Gas Adsorption), BET Isotherm (40 Point Using Nitrogen), Pore Volume (Using Nitrogen), Pore Size Distribution (Using Nitrogen), Average Pore Width (Using Nitrogen),
P34 : Calorific Value and Elements
Gross Calorific Value, Net Calorific Value, Ash, Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Sulphur, Oxygen,
Gross Calorific Value, Net Calorific Value, Ash, Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Sulphur, Oxygen,
P36 : Major Elements
Aluminium, Calcium, Iron, Magnesium, Phosphorus, Potassium, Silicon, Sodium, Titanium,
Aluminium, Calcium, Iron, Magnesium, Phosphorus, Potassium, Silicon, Sodium, Titanium,
P37 : Minor Elements
Antimony, Arsenic, Cadmium, Chromium, Cobalt, Copper, Lead, Manganese, Mercury, Molybdenum, Nickel, Vanadium, Zinc,
Antimony, Arsenic, Cadmium, Chromium, Cobalt, Copper, Lead, Manganese, Mercury, Molybdenum, Nickel, Vanadium, Zinc,
P42 : Ash Melting Behaviour (Reducing Conditions)
Ash Shrinkage Starting Temperature (Reducing), Ash Deformation Temperature (Reducing), Ash Hemisphere Temperature (Reducing), Ash Flow Temperature (Reducing),
Ash Shrinkage Starting Temperature (Reducing), Ash Deformation Temperature (Reducing), Ash Hemisphere Temperature (Reducing), Ash Flow Temperature (Reducing),
P393 : Biochar Thermal Properties Deluxe
Moisture, Ash Content (815C), Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Sulphur, Oxygen, Chlorine, Volatile Matter, Fixed Carbon, Aluminium, Calcium, Iron, Magnesium, Phosphorus, Potassium, Silicon, Sodium, Titanium, Gross Calorific Value, Net Calorific Value, Ash Shrinkage Starting Temperature (Reducing), Ash Deformation Temperature (Reducing), Ash Hemisphere Temperature (Reducing), Ash Flow Temperature (Reducing),
Moisture, Ash Content (815C), Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Sulphur, Oxygen, Chlorine, Volatile Matter, Fixed Carbon, Aluminium, Calcium, Iron, Magnesium, Phosphorus, Potassium, Silicon, Sodium, Titanium, Gross Calorific Value, Net Calorific Value, Ash Shrinkage Starting Temperature (Reducing), Ash Deformation Temperature (Reducing), Ash Hemisphere Temperature (Reducing), Ash Flow Temperature (Reducing),
P394 : Biochar Thermal Properties Ultimate
As P393 plus inorganic carbon, organic carbon, TGA (under nitrogen and air), and inherent moisture
As P393 plus inorganic carbon, organic carbon, TGA (under nitrogen and air), and inherent moisture
P36 : Major Elements
Aluminium, Calcium, Iron, Magnesium, Phosphorus, Potassium, Silicon, Sodium, Titanium,
Aluminium, Calcium, Iron, Magnesium, Phosphorus, Potassium, Silicon, Sodium, Titanium,
P37 : Minor Elements
Antimony, Arsenic, Cadmium, Chromium, Cobalt, Copper, Lead, Manganese, Mercury, Molybdenum, Nickel, Vanadium, Zinc,
Antimony, Arsenic, Cadmium, Chromium, Cobalt, Copper, Lead, Manganese, Mercury, Molybdenum, Nickel, Vanadium, Zinc,
P384 : Biochar Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH)
Acenaphthene, Acenaphthylene, Anthracene, Benz[a]anthracene, Benzo[b]fluoranthene, Benzo[k]fluoranthene, Benzo[ghi]perylene, Benzo[a]pyrene, Chrysene, Dibenz[a,h]anthracene, Fluoranthene, Fluorene, Indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene, 1-Methylnaphthalene, 2-Methylnaphthalene, Naphthalene, Phenanthrene, Pyrene,
Acenaphthene, Acenaphthylene, Anthracene, Benz[a]anthracene, Benzo[b]fluoranthene, Benzo[k]fluoranthene, Benzo[ghi]perylene, Benzo[a]pyrene, Chrysene, Dibenz[a,h]anthracene, Fluoranthene, Fluorene, Indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene, 1-Methylnaphthalene, 2-Methylnaphthalene, Naphthalene, Phenanthrene, Pyrene,
P388 : Biochar Plant Growth Trials
Time to Germination, Mean Shoot Length (Week 1), Mean Shoot Length (Week 2), Mean Shoot Length (Week 3), Mean Shoot Length (Week 4), Shoot Weight (Week 4), Mean Root Length (Week 4), Root Weight (Week 4),
Time to Germination, Mean Shoot Length (Week 1), Mean Shoot Length (Week 2), Mean Shoot Length (Week 3), Mean Shoot Length (Week 4), Shoot Weight (Week 4), Mean Root Length (Week 4), Root Weight (Week 4),
P397 : Biochar Soil Amendment Ultimate
As Deluxe package plus P383, SEM Imaging (P387) and Plant Growth Trials (P388)
As Deluxe package plus P383, SEM Imaging (P387) and Plant Growth Trials (P388)
P399 : Biochar Complete Evaluation Package
Includes everything from P391 (Physical Properties Ultimate), P394 (Thermal Properties Ultimate), and P397 (Soil Amendment Ultimate)
Includes everything from P391 (Physical Properties Ultimate), P394 (Thermal Properties Ultimate), and P397 (Soil Amendment Ultimate)
P34 : Calorific Value and Elements
Gross Calorific Value, Net Calorific Value, Ash, Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Sulphur, Oxygen,
Gross Calorific Value, Net Calorific Value, Ash, Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Sulphur, Oxygen,
P36 : Major Elements
Aluminium, Calcium, Iron, Magnesium, Phosphorus, Potassium, Silicon, Sodium, Titanium,
Aluminium, Calcium, Iron, Magnesium, Phosphorus, Potassium, Silicon, Sodium, Titanium,
P37 : Minor Elements
Antimony, Arsenic, Cadmium, Chromium, Cobalt, Copper, Lead, Manganese, Mercury, Molybdenum, Nickel, Vanadium, Zinc,
Antimony, Arsenic, Cadmium, Chromium, Cobalt, Copper, Lead, Manganese, Mercury, Molybdenum, Nickel, Vanadium, Zinc,
P40 : Combustion Package
Volatile Matter, Fixed Carbon, Moisture, Ash, Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Sulphur, Oxygen, Gross Calorific Value, Net Calorific Value, Chlorine,
Volatile Matter, Fixed Carbon, Moisture, Ash, Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Sulphur, Oxygen, Gross Calorific Value, Net Calorific Value, Chlorine,
P41 : Ash Melting Behaviour (Oxidising Conditions)
Ash Shrinkage Starting Temperature (Oxidising), Ash Deformation Temperature (Oxidising), Ash Hemisphere Temperature (Oxidising), Ash Flow Temperature (Oxidising),
Ash Shrinkage Starting Temperature (Oxidising), Ash Deformation Temperature (Oxidising), Ash Hemisphere Temperature (Oxidising), Ash Flow Temperature (Oxidising),
News
Jan 24th 2024
€1.5m Funding Success in CBE-JU
Celignis is a Partner in 3 Successful Proposals for EU Funding
We are pleased to announce that three of the proposals involving Celignis, submitted to the CBE-JU programme for funding collaborative biomass research in Europe, were successful. These projects will provide an additional funding of €1.5m to Celignis and build on our achievements in other CBE and EU projects. In particular, the projects are all at enhanced TRLs (6/7) and will use our existing Celignis Bioprocess infrastructure and will also fund further development of our bioprocessing capacities and the Bioprocess Development Services we offer our clients.
Details on the funded projects are provided below:
BIONEER - This project was funded under CBE-JU topic IA-06 and focuses on the TRL 6/7 production of biobased platform chemicals. Celignis's activities in the project focus on scaling up the work undertaken in our ongoing
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Jan 23rd 2024
Celignis to Exhibit and Present at Major Biochar Event
The 2024 North American Biochar Conference will take place in Sacramento, California, on Feb 12-15
On Feb 12-15 we'll be exhibiting at the 2024 North American Biochar Conference, taking place at the SAFE Credit Union Convention Centre in Sacramento, California.
We're looking forward to interacting with the 1000+ expected attendees, outlining our extensive range of analytical and application testing services for biochar.
Celignis CIO Lalitha Gottumukkala will also be a member of the expert panel focused on developing improved laboratory methods for biochar characterisation.
Click here to register for the event.
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Jan 22nd 2024
Celignis Attending BIC Event on Feb 8
This Networking Event Will Involve Discussions on Collaborations for Proposals to the 2024 CBE-JU Topics
The Circular Bioeconomy Europe Joint Undertaking (CBE-JU) is an organisation that funds biomass research in Europe at various Technology Readiness Levels (TRLs). Since 2016 Celignis has been an active participant in a number of projects funded by the CBE-JU.
The Biobased Industries Consortium (BIC) is the steering committee that helps to steer the focus of research for the CBE-JU programme. In 2023 Celignis joined the BIC as a Full Industry Member and participated in several proposals submitted for different research topics in the CBE-JU's 2023 Work Programme.
On Feb 8th Celignis's Dan Hayes, Lalitha Gottumukkala, and Oscar Bedzo will be attending a BIC networking event in Brussels where we will discuss potential collaborations in the research programme topics recently announced for 2024.
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Jan 19th 2024
We're Hiring - Business Administration & Client Relationship Manager
This position will involve working closely with senior management, fostering existing and new client relationships.
Situated in Limerick, Ireland, Celignis currently operates at two centres, Celignis Analytical and Celignis Bioprocess, actively engaging in a variety of private and public bioeconomy projects. As we continue to expand, we're looking to strengthen our team of 14 with a Business Administration and Client Relationship Manager who can bring a blend of enthusiasm and expertise.
This position will involve working closely with senior management, fostering existing and new client relationships, and ensuring successful delivery of our services, playing a key role in our ongoing growth and success.
Click here for more details about the position.
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Apr 30th 2023
Celignis to Sponsor and Present at Major Biochar Event
The event takes place on May 3rd at Carrick-on-Shannon
We are pleased to announce that, on May 3rd, Celignis will be presenting and exhibiting at the National Biochar and Carbon Products Conference 2023, which is taking place in Carrick-on-Shannon in County Leitrm, Ireland.
This conference is being organised under the auspices of the Interreg Northwest Europe-funded THREE C Project, entitled 'Creating and sustaining Charcoal value chains to promote a Circular Carbon economy in NWE Europe'.
The conference will highlight both Irish stakeholders who are currently working in the biochar and carbon products sector, but also partners from the THREE C project (covering Netherlands, Luxembourg, Germany, Belgium, France and Wales, as well as Ireland) who have interesting stories and products to share.
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