Alkaloids are a class of naturally-occurring organic compounds that contain at least one nitrogen atom.
They are primarily found in plants, but can also be found in certain types of fungi and bacteria. In plants they appear to
play a variety of roles, including deterring herbivores and inhibiting the growth of competing plants.
Structurally, alkaloids are quite diverse. They typically have complex, ring-shaped structures, but can vary greatly in
size and shape. The chemical behavior of alkaloids is largely determined by the structure of the molecule, which includes one or more nitrogen atoms.
Alkaloids are well known for their physiological effects on humans and other animals. Many alkaloids have
pharmacological effects and are used medicinally. For instance, they can act as stimulants, narcotics, or poisons.
Some alkaloids are also used recreationally because of their psychoactive effects.
Listed below are a few examples of alkaloids and their effects:
Morphine
- Found in opium poppies, morphine is a powerful pain reliever used in medicine.
Caffeine
- Found in coffee, tea, and cacao, caffeine is a stimulant that reduces fatigue and increases alertness.
Nicotine
- Found in tobacco, nicotine is a potent parasympathomimetic stimulant that contributes to the addictive quality of tobacco products.
Atropine
- Found in deadly nightshade, atropine is used in medicine to dilate the pupils during eye exams, among other uses.
It is also a powerful poison.
Quinine
- Found in the bark of the cinchona tree, quinine was the first effective treatment for malaria.
Cocaine
- Found in coca leaves, cocaine is a powerful stimulant that is often used recreationally for its psychoactive effects.
Examples of some common alkaloids found in bark are provided below:
Quinine
- This alkaloid, found in the bark of the cinchona tree, was the first effective treatment for malaria.
It is also used as a flavoring in tonic water.
Yohimbine - Found in the bark of the Yohimbe tree, native to Africa,
yohimbine is used for its stimulant and aphrodisiac effects.
Berberine - This alkaloid is found in the bark of the cork tree and the Oregon grape tree.
It has been studied for its potential benefits in regulating blood sugar and cholesterol levels.
Akuammicine - Found in the bark of the Picralima nitida tree
(also known as the Akuamma tree), akuammicine has analgesic properties.
Taxine - This is a group of alkaloids found in the bark (and other parts)
of yew trees. Taxine alkaloids are highly toxic and can cause serious cardiac effects.
Camptothecin - Found in the bark of the Camptotheca acuminata tree,
also known as the "happy tree", camptothecin has demonstrated anti-cancer properties and is used as a chemotherapeutic agent.
Examples of some common alkaloids found in roots are provided below:
Atropine
- Found in the roots of plants in the nightshade family, such as Atropa belladonna (deadly nightshade).
It has various medical applications, including as a treatment for certain types of poisonings and to dilate the pupils during eye exams.
Reserpine - This alkaloid is found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina
and other Rauwolfia species. It has been used in traditional medicines and also has modern medical uses, such as in the
treatment of high blood pressure and some psychiatric disorders.
Berberine - Found in the roots of plants like goldenseal and barberry,
berberine has shown potential benefits for diabetes, cholesterol regulation, and other health conditions.
Morphine - This potent opiate is found in the latex sap of the opium poppy's
root system. It is used extensively in medicine for pain relief.
Strychnine - Found in the roots of the Strychnos nux-vomica tree,
strychnine is a potent poison that was formerly used as a pesticide.
Vincristine and Vinblastine - These alkaloids are found in the roots
of the Madagascar periwinkle (Catharanthus roseus). They are used in chemotherapy due to their ability to inhibit cell division.
Examples of some alkaloids found in seeds are listed below:
Morphine and Codeine - These alkaloids are found in the seed pods
of the opium poppy (Papaver somniferum). Both are potent analgesics and are used in medicine for pain relief.
Nicotine - This alkaloid is found in the seeds (as well as the leaves)
of the tobacco plant (Nicotiana tabacum and related species).
Strychnine - Found in the seeds of the Strychnos nux-vomica tree. It
is a potent neurotoxin and can be lethal in high doses.
Caffeine - Present in the seeds of several plants, including coffee
(Coffea spp.), cacao (Theobroma cacao), and tea (Camellia sinensis). Caffeine is a stimulant and is the most widely consumed psychoactive
substance in the world.
Quinine - The seeds and bark of the Cinchona tree contain quinine. It
has antimalarial properties and was historically the primary treatment for malaria.
The extraction process, including the solvents and methods used, can influence the concentration and types of alkaloids present in the final extract.
It is often the case that a balance needs to be found between fully-extracting all alkaloids while also ensuring that the compounds that are
obtained are of a high quality and not degraded.
At Celignis we have extensive experience in the design and optimisation of extraction protocols for a wide variety of chemical constituents from
many different biomass types. If needed we can also work on processes to separate and purify the target compounds.
Click here to read more about Celignis's Bioprocess Development Services for the extraction of
chemicals from biomass.
Celignis is a Partner in 3 Successful Proposals for EU Funding
We are pleased to announce that three of the proposals involving Celignis, submitted to the CBE-JU programme for funding collaborative biomass research in Europe, were successful. These projects will provide an additional funding of €1.5m to Celignis and build on our achievements in other CBE and EU projects. In particular, the projects are all at enhanced TRLs (6/7) and will use our existing Celignis Bioprocess infrastructure and will also fund further development of our bioprocessing capacities and the Bioprocess Development Services we offer our clients.
Details on the funded projects are provided below:
BIONEER - This project was funded under CBE-JU topic IA-06 and focuses on the TRL 6/7 production of biobased platform chemicals. Celignis's activities in the project focus on scaling up the work undertaken in our ongoing
Celignis to Exhibit and Present at Major Biochar Event
The 2024 North American Biochar Conference will take place in Sacramento, California, on Feb 12-15
On Feb 12-15 we'll be exhibiting at the 2024 North American Biochar Conference, taking place at the SAFE Credit Union Convention Centre in Sacramento, California.
We're looking forward to interacting with the 1000+ expected attendees, outlining our extensive range of analytical and application testing services for biochar.
Celignis CIO Lalitha Gottumukkala will also be a member of the expert panel focused on developing improved laboratory methods for biochar characterisation.
This Networking Event Will Involve Discussions on Collaborations for Proposals to the 2024 CBE-JU Topics
The Circular Bioeconomy Europe Joint Undertaking (CBE-JU) is an organisation that funds biomass research in Europe at various Technology Readiness Levels (TRLs). Since 2016 Celignis has been an active participant in a number of projects funded by the CBE-JU.
The Biobased Industries Consortium (BIC) is the steering committee that helps to steer the focus of research for the CBE-JU programme. In 2023 Celignis joined the BIC as a Full Industry Member and participated in several proposals submitted for different research topics in the CBE-JU's 2023 Work Programme.
We're Hiring - Business Administration & Client Relationship Manager
This position will involve working closely with senior management, fostering existing and new client relationships.
Situated in Limerick, Ireland, Celignis currently operates at two centres, Celignis Analytical and Celignis Bioprocess, actively engaging in a variety of private and public bioeconomy projects. As we continue to expand, we're looking to strengthen our team of 14 with a Business Administration and Client Relationship Manager who can bring a blend of enthusiasm and expertise.
This position will involve working closely with senior management, fostering existing and new client relationships, and ensuring successful delivery of our services, playing a key role in our ongoing growth and success.
Celignis to Sponsor and Present at Major Biochar Event
The event takes place on May 3rd at Carrick-on-Shannon
We are pleased to announce that, on May 3rd, Celignis will be presenting and exhibiting at the National Biochar and Carbon Products Conference 2023, which is taking place in Carrick-on-Shannon in County Leitrm, Ireland.
This conference is being organised under the auspices of the Interreg Northwest Europe-funded THREE C Project, entitled 'Creating and sustaining Charcoal value chains to promote a Circular Carbon economy in NWE Europe'.
The conference will highlight both Irish stakeholders who are currently working in the biochar and carbon products sector, but also partners from the THREE C project (covering Netherlands, Luxembourg, Germany, Belgium, France and Wales, as well as Ireland) who have interesting stories and products to share.
Thanks for contacting us. One of our representatives will be in contact with you shortly regarding your inquiry. If you ever have any questions that require immediate assistance, please call us at +353 61 371 725.
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