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  • Analytes Determined at Celignis
    Violaxanthin

Analysis of Violaxanthin

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Violaxanthin is an orange-coloured carotenoid pigment found in higher plants, macroalgae and microalgae. Violaxanthin (5, 6:5',6'-Diepoxy-5,5', 6,6'- tetrahydro-beta, beta- carotene-3, 3'-diol) serves as the precursor for the biosynthesis of all carotenoids in diatoms.

Light and other environmental conditions significantly influence violaxanthin content in plants and algae. Identified isomers of violaxanthin are 9-cis-, 13-cis- and di-cis- and all-trans violaxanthin.

Potential Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity of violaxanthin have been reported. Violaxanthin is commercially available as a food colourant.

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Analysis Packages for Violaxanthin

The Celignis Analysis Package(s) that determine this constituent are listed below:
P74 Pigments in Seaweed

   Fucoxanthin, Astaxanthin, Chlorophyll-c, Chlorophyll-a, Chlorophyll-b, Lutein, beta-Carotene, Neoxanthin, Antheraxanthin, Violaxanthin


Further Details

P150 Plant Pigments

   Chlorophyll-a, Chlorophyll-b, Lutein, beta-Carotene, Neoxanthin, Astaxanthin, Zeaxanthin, Antheraxanthin, Violaxanthin


Further Details

Equipment Used for Violaxanthin Analysis



Ion Chromatography

A Dionex ICS-3000 system that is equipmed with electrochemical, conductivity, and ultraviolet-visible detectors.

Additional Material

We can determine the Violaxanthin content of biomass, click here to learn more about our various biomass analysis methods.

We can determine the Violaxanthin content of seaweed, click here to learn more about our various methods for analysing seaweed.

We can determine the Violaxanthin content of microalgae, click here to learn more about our various methods for analysing algae.

We can determine the Violaxanthin content of plants, click here to learn more about our various methods for analysing plants.

Analysis Packages

P3 : Ash Content
P4 : Ethanol Extractives
P5 : Water Extractives
P6 : Full Extractives
P7 : Lignocellulosic Sugars
Total Sugars, Glucose, Xylose, Mannose, Arabinose, Galactose, Rhamnose,
P8 : Lignin Content
Lignin (Klason), Lignin (Acid Soluble), Acid Insoluble Residue, Ash (Acid Insoluble),
P270 : Protein-Corrected Klason Lignin
P9 : Lignocellulosic Sugars and Lignin
P10 : Sugars, Lignin, Extractives, and Ash
P19 : Deluxe Lignocellulose Package
As P10 plus protein-corrected lignin, water-soluble sugars, uronic acids, acetyl content and starch.
P11 : NIR Prediction Package
Ligno. Sugars, Lignin, Ethanol-Soluble Extractives, Ash
P14 : Starch Content
P15 : Uronic Acids
Glucuronic Acid, Galacturonic Acid, Mannuronic Acid, Guluronic Acid, 4-O-Methyl-D-Glucuronic Acid, Iduronic Acid,
P16 : Acetyl Content
P17 : Biomass Amino Acids
Alanine, Arginine, Aspartic Acid, Asparagine, Cystine, Glutamic Acid, Glutamine, Glycine, Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Proline, Serine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Tyrosine, Valine,
P18 : Biomass Lipids as Fatty Acids
P20 : Lignin S/G Ratio
Ratio of syringyl (S) and guaiacyl (G) lignin units

P121 : Evaluation of Biomass for Enzymatic Digestibility
Total Sugars in Enzyme Hydrolysate, Glucose in Enzyme Hydrolysate, Xylose in Enzyme Hydrolysate, Arabinose in Enzyme Hydrolysate, Mannose in Enzyme Hydrolysate, Galactose in Enzyme Hydrolysate, Rhamnose in Enzyme Hydrolysate, Cellobiose in Enzyme Hydrolysate, Enzymatic Hydrolysis Kinetics, Cellulose Conversion Yield, Xylan Conversion Yield, Combined Sugar Yield, Cellulose Conversion Rate, Xylan Conversion Rate,
P122 : Evaluation of Pre-Treatment on Enzymatic Digestibility
As P121 plus comparisons with data from the non-pretreated original sample, including: Increase in Cellulose Accessibility after Pre-Treatment, Percent Increase in Cellulose Conversion Efficiency, Percent Increase in Cellulose Conversion Rate.
P123 : Composition of Residue from Enzymatic Hydrolysis
As P9 but on the solid residue after enzymatic hydrolysis.
P124 : Fermentation Inhibitors in Enzymatic Hydrolysate
Formic Acid, Acetic Acid, Levulinic Acid, Furfural, Hydroxymethylfurfural,
P125 : Cellulase Saccharification Efficiency
Includes all hydrolysate sugars and kinetics in P121 and: Cellulose Conversion Yield, Cellulose Conversion Rate
P126 : Xylanase Saccharification Efficiency
Includes all hydrolysate sugars and kinetics in P121 and: Xylan Conversion Yield, Xylan Conversion Rate
P127 : Amylase Saccharification Efficiency
Total Sugars in Enzyme Hydrolysate, Glucose in Enzyme Hydrolysate, Maltose in Enzyme Hydrolysate, a-Amylase Hydrolysis Kinetics, Glucoamylase Hydrolysis Kinetics,
P128 : Cellulase Activity
P129 : Cellulolytic Enzymes Activity
Cellulase Activity, Endoglucanase Activity, b-Glucosidase Activity, Xylanase Activity,
P130 : Amylolytic Enzymes Activity
a-Amylase Activity, Glucoamylase Activity,

P12 : Sugars in Solvent Extract
Glucose, Xylose, Fructose, Sucrose, Mannose, Arabinose, Galactose, Rhamnose, Xylitol, Sorbitol, Trehalose, Mannitol, Arabinitol, Glycerol, Raffinose,
P21 : Sugars in Solution
As P12 plus Cellobiose
P13 : Sugars and Oligosaccharides in Solution
As P21 plus Oligomeric Sugars
P22 : Organic Acids and Furans
Levulinic Acid, Formic Acid, Hydroxymethylfurfural, Furfural, Acetic Acid, gamma-Valerolactone,
P23 : Dimers and Trimers from Cellulose Hydrolysis
Cellobiose, Cellotriose,
P24 : Dimers and Trimers from Hemicellulose Hydrolysis
Xylobiose, Xylotriose, Arabinobiose, Arabinotriose,
P25 : Dimers and Trimers from Cellulose and Hemicellulose Hydrolysis
P29 : Oligomers from Starch Hydrolysis
Maltose, Maltotriose, Maltotetraose, Maltopentaose, Maltohexaose, Maltoheptaose, Maltooctaose,
P15 : Uronic Acids
Glucuronic Acid, Galacturonic Acid, Mannuronic Acid, Guluronic Acid, 4-O-Methyl-D-Glucuronic Acid, Iduronic Acid,
P75 : Seaweed Phytohormones
Gibberellic Acid, Indole-3-acetic acid, Indole-2-acetic acid, Indole-3-propionic acid, Indole-3-butyric acid, 6-Benzylaminopurine, Kinetin riboside, Abscisic acid, Salicylic acid,
P76 : Seaweed Vitamins (Fat-Soluble)
beta-Carotene, Ergocalciferol (Vitamin D2), Alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E), Phylloquinone (Vitamin K1),
P77 : Seaweed Vitamins (Water-Soluble)
Thiamine (Vitamin B1), Riboflavin (Vitamin B2), Niacin (Vitamin B3), Niacinamide (vitamin B3), Pantothenic Acid (Vitamin B5), Pyridoxine (Vitamin B6), Folate (Vitamin B9), Cobalamin (Vitamin B12), Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C),
P78 : Seaweed Total Phenolics
P79 : Seaweed Phenolics Profiling
Gallic acid, Vanillic acid, Protocatechuic acid, Caffeic acid, Chlorogenic Acid, Ferulic acid, Coumaric acid, Catechin, Quercetin, Phloroglucinol, Vanillin, Salicylic acid, Syringic Acid,
P170 : Seaweed Total Tannins
P171 : Alginate Molecular Weight Analysis
P172 : Total Phlorotannins Estimation
P173 : Seaweed Bromoform Content
P174 : Seaweed Extract Polysaccharides
P175 : Arsenic By Speciation
P176 : Seaweed Flavonoids
P177 : Seaweed Dietary Fiber
P271 : Aflatoxins
Aflatoxin B1, Aflatoxin B2, Aflatoxin G1, Aflatoxin G2,
P281 : Molecular Weight Analysis
P282 : Degree of Esterification
P283 : Degree of Acetylation
P284 : Chitin
P285 : Beta and Alpha Glucan

P71 : Seaweed Carbohydrates
Fucose, Mannitol, Glucose, Xylose, Mannose, Arabinose, Galactose, Rhamnose, Total Sugars, Glucuronic Acid, Galacturonic Acid, Mannuronic Acid, Guluronic Acid, Iduronic Acid,
P72 : Seaweed Amino Acids
Alanine, Arginine, Aspartic Acid, Asparagine, Cystine, Glutamic Acid, Glutamine, Glycine, Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Proline, Serine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Tyrosine, Valine,
P33 : Ultimate (Elemental) Analysis
Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Sulphur, Oxygen, Ash,
P36 : Major Elements
Aluminium, Calcium, Iron, Magnesium, Phosphorus, Potassium, Silicon, Sodium, Titanium,
P38 : Major and Minor Elements
P73 : Seaweed Lipids as Fatty Acids
Arachidic Acid, Behenic Acid, Decanoic Acid, Erucic Acid, Lauric Acid, Linoleic Acid, Linolenic Acid, Myristic Acid, Caprylic Acid, Oleic Acid, Palmitic Acid, Palmitoleic Acid, Stearic Acid, Lignoceric Acid,
P74 : Pigments in Seaweed
Fucoxanthin, Astaxanthin, Chlorophyll-c, Chlorophyll-a, Chlorophyll-b, Lutein, beta-Carotene, Neoxanthin, Antheraxanthin, Violaxanthin,
P75 : Seaweed Phytohormones
Gibberellic Acid, Indole-3-acetic acid, Indole-2-acetic acid, Indole-3-propionic acid, Indole-3-butyric acid, 6-Benzylaminopurine, Kinetin riboside, Abscisic acid, Salicylic acid,
P76 : Seaweed Vitamins (Fat-Soluble)
beta-Carotene, Ergocalciferol (Vitamin D2), Alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E), Phylloquinone (Vitamin K1),
P77 : Seaweed Vitamins (Water-Soluble)
Thiamine (Vitamin B1), Riboflavin (Vitamin B2), Niacin (Vitamin B3), Niacinamide (vitamin B3), Pantothenic Acid (Vitamin B5), Pyridoxine (Vitamin B6), Folate (Vitamin B9), Cobalamin (Vitamin B12), Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C),
P78 : Seaweed Total Phenolics
P79 : Seaweed Phenolics Profiling
Gallic acid, Vanillic acid, Protocatechuic acid, Caffeic acid, Chlorogenic Acid, Ferulic acid, Coumaric acid, Catechin, Quercetin, Phloroglucinol, Vanillin, Salicylic acid, Syringic Acid,
P170 : Seaweed Total Tannins
P171 : Alginate Molecular Weight Analysis
P172 : Total Phlorotannins Estimation
P173 : Seaweed Bromoform Content
P174 : Seaweed Extract Polysaccharides
P175 : Arsenic By Speciation
P176 : Seaweed Flavonoids
P177 : Seaweed Dietary Fiber

P200 : Algae Carbohydrates
Total Sugars, Glucose, Xylose, Galactose, Arabinose, Mannose, Rhamnose,
P201 : Algal Lipids as Fatty Acids
Arachidic Acid, Behenic Acid, Decanoic Acid, Erucic Acid, Lauric Acid, Linoleic Acid, Linolenic Acid, Myristic Acid, Caprylic Acid, Oleic Acid, Palmitic Acid, Palmitoleic Acid, Stearic Acid, Lignoceric Acid,
P202 : Free Sterols in Microalgae
Cholesterol, Ergosterol, Stigmasterol,

P150 : Plant Pigments
Chlorophyll-a, Chlorophyll-b, Lutein, beta-Carotene, Neoxanthin, Astaxanthin, Zeaxanthin, Antheraxanthin, Violaxanthin,
P300 : Plant Cell Wall Analysis
As P10 plus Pectin, Starch, and Uronic Acids
P301 : Plant Micro and Macro Elements
P302 : Plant Vitamins (Water-Soluble)
Thiamine (Vitamin B1), Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C), Pyridoxine (Vitamin B6), Niacin (Vitamin B3), Pantothenic Acid (Vitamin B5), Cobalamin (Vitamin B12), Folate (Vitamin B9), Riboflavin (Vitamin B2),
P303 : Plant Vitamins (Fat-Soluble)
Retinol (Vitamin A), Retinol Acetate (Vitamin A Acetate), Cholecalciferol (Vitamin D3), Ergocalciferol (Vitamin D2), Tocopheryl Acetate (Vitamin E Acetate), Phylloquinone (Vitamin K1), beta-Carotene,

P80 : Biomass Content
P81 : Biomethane Potential - 14 Days
Biomethane Potential (BMP), Total Biogas Volume, Total Solids, Volatile Solids, pH, Biogas Methane Content, Biogas Carbon Dioxide Content, Biogas Oxygen Content, Biogas Hydrogen Sulphide Content, Biogas Ammonia Content,
P82 : Biomethane Potential - 14 Days - Deluxe Package
Includes P81, P93, and P94
P84 : Biomethane Potential - 21 Days
As P81 but for 21 days
P85 : Biomethane Potential - 21 Days - Deluxe Package
Includes P84, P93, and P94
P87 : Biomethane Potential - 28 Days
As P81 but for 28 days
P88 : Biomethane Potential - 28 Days - Deluxe Package
Includes P87, P93, and P94
P90 : Biomethane Potential - 40 Days
As P81 but for 40 days
P91 : Biomethane Potential - 40 Days - Deluxe Package
Includes P90, P93, and P94
P93 : Feedstock Chemical and Biological Analysis
Total Solids, Volatile Solids, pH, Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD),
P94 : Digestate Chemical and Biological Analysis
As P93 but on the digestate
P95 : Residual Biogas Potential - 14 Days
Residual Biogas Potential (RBP), Total Biogas Volume, Total Solids, Volatile Solids, pH, Biogas Methane Content, Biogas Carbon Dioxide Content, Biogas Oxygen Content, Biogas Hydrogen Sulphide Content, Biogas Ammonia Content,
P96 : Residual Biogas Potential - 14 Days - Deluxe Package
Includes P93 and P95
P98 : Residual Biogas Potential - 21 Days
As P95 but for 21 days
P99 : Residual Biogas Potential - 21 Days - Deluxe Package
Includes P93 and P98
P101 : Residual Biogas Potential - 28 Days
As P98 but for 28 days
P220 : Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)
P221 : Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD)
P222 : Volatile Fatty Acids (VFAs) Speciation
Acetic Acid, Lactic Acid, Propionic Acid, Butyric Acid, Isobutyric Acid, Valeric Acid, Isovaleric Acid,
P223 : Carbon Dioxide Evolution Rate
P224 : Specific Oxygen Uptake Rate
P225 : Digestate Impurity Content
Glass & Metals & Plastics Over 2mm, Gravel & Stones Over 5mm, Sharps Over 2mm,
P226 : Ammoniacal Nitrogen
P227 : Nitrates
P228 : Viable Weed Seeds
P229 : Organic Matter
P240 : Specific Hydrolytic Potential (SHP)
P241 : Specific Acidogenic Potential (SAP)
P242 : Specific Methanogenic Potential (SMP)
P243 : SHP; SAP; and SMP
P244 : FOS/TAC and Alkalinity
P245 : Sludge Granule Size Analysis
P246 : Sludge Activity Test
P247 : Anaerobic Toxicity Assay
P250 : Continuous Anaerobic Digestion

P61 : Sugars in Bio-Oil Water Extract
Levoglucosan, Cellobiosan, Mannosan, Galactosan, Glucose, Xylose, Mannose, Arabinose, Galactose, Rhamnose, Fucose, Sucrose, Cellobiose, Total Sugars,
P62 : Sugars and Oligosaccharides in Bio-oil Water Extract
As P61 plus Oligomeric Sugars
P63 : Semi-Volatile Oxygenated Components in Bio-Oil
31 constituents including Phenol, Furfural, Syringol, and Vanillin

P350 : Biochar Production
At various temperatures and residence times

P51 : Particle Size
P53 : Bulk Density
P360 : Specific Surface Area (5-Point BET)
Specific Surface Area (Nitrogen Gas Adsorption), BET Isotherm (5 Point Using Nitrogen),
P364 : Pore-Size Distribution
Specific Surface Area (Nitrogen Gas Adsorption), BET Isotherm (20 Point Using Nitrogen), Pore Volume (Using Nitrogen), Pore Size Distribution (Using Nitrogen), Average Pore Width (Using Nitrogen),
P366 : Pore Size Distribution Deluxe
Specific Surface Area (Nitrogen Gas Adsorption), BET Isotherm (40 Point Using Nitrogen), Pore Volume (Using Nitrogen), Pore Size Distribution (Using Nitrogen), Average Pore Width (Using Nitrogen),
P368 : Pore Size Distribution Ultimate
Using nitrogen and carbon dioxide
P390 : Biochar Physical Properties Deluxe
Particle Size, Bulk Density, Specific Surface Area (Nitrogen Gas Adsorption), BET Isotherm (40 Point Using Nitrogen), Pore Volume (Using Nitrogen), Pore Size Distribution (Using Nitrogen), Average Pore Width (Using Nitrogen),
P391 : Biochar Physical Properties Ultimate

P2 : Moisture Content
P33 : Ultimate (Elemental) Analysis
Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Sulphur, Oxygen, Ash,
P34 : Calorific Value and Elements
Gross Calorific Value, Net Calorific Value, Ash, Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Sulphur, Oxygen,
P36 : Major Elements
Aluminium, Calcium, Iron, Magnesium, Phosphorus, Potassium, Silicon, Sodium, Titanium,
P37 : Minor Elements
Antimony, Arsenic, Cadmium, Chromium, Cobalt, Copper, Lead, Manganese, Mercury, Molybdenum, Nickel, Vanadium, Zinc,
P38 : Major and Minor Elements
P42 : Ash Melting Behaviour (Reducing Conditions)
Ash Shrinkage Starting Temperature (Reducing), Ash Deformation Temperature (Reducing), Ash Hemisphere Temperature (Reducing), Ash Flow Temperature (Reducing),
P370 : Inherent Moisture
P371 : Ash Content (815C)
P372 : Inorganic Carbon
P373 : Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) - Under Nitrogen
P374 : Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) - Under Air
P393 : Biochar Thermal Properties Deluxe
Moisture, Ash Content (815C), Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Sulphur, Oxygen, Chlorine, Volatile Matter, Fixed Carbon, Aluminium, Calcium, Iron, Magnesium, Phosphorus, Potassium, Silicon, Sodium, Titanium, Gross Calorific Value, Net Calorific Value, Ash Shrinkage Starting Temperature (Reducing), Ash Deformation Temperature (Reducing), Ash Hemisphere Temperature (Reducing), Ash Flow Temperature (Reducing),
P394 : Biochar Thermal Properties Ultimate
As P393 plus inorganic carbon, organic carbon, TGA (under nitrogen and air), and inherent moisture

P36 : Major Elements
Aluminium, Calcium, Iron, Magnesium, Phosphorus, Potassium, Silicon, Sodium, Titanium,
P37 : Minor Elements
Antimony, Arsenic, Cadmium, Chromium, Cobalt, Copper, Lead, Manganese, Mercury, Molybdenum, Nickel, Vanadium, Zinc,
P38 : Major and Minor Elements
P381 : Electrical Conductivity
P382 : Water Holding Capacity
P383 : Cation Exchange Capacity
P384 : Biochar Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH)
Acenaphthene, Acenaphthylene, Anthracene, Benz[a]anthracene, Benzo[b]fluoranthene, Benzo[k]fluoranthene, Benzo[ghi]perylene, Benzo[a]pyrene, Chrysene, Dibenz[a,h]anthracene, Fluoranthene, Fluorene, Indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene, 1-Methylnaphthalene, 2-Methylnaphthalene, Naphthalene, Phenanthrene, Pyrene,
P385 : Liming
P386 : Germination Inhibition
P387 : Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
P388 : Biochar Plant Growth Trials
Time to Germination, Mean Shoot Length (Week 1), Mean Shoot Length (Week 2), Mean Shoot Length (Week 3), Mean Shoot Length (Week 4), Shoot Weight (Week 4), Mean Root Length (Week 4), Root Weight (Week 4),
P396 : Biochar Soil Amendment Deluxe
Includes P381, P382, P384, P385 and P386
P397 : Biochar Soil Amendment Ultimate
As Deluxe package plus P383, SEM Imaging (P387) and Plant Growth Trials (P388)

P399 : Biochar Complete Evaluation Package
Includes everything from P391 (Physical Properties Ultimate), P394 (Thermal Properties Ultimate), and P397 (Soil Amendment Ultimate)

P2 : Moisture Content
P3 : Ash Content
P80 : Biomass Content
P31 : Volatile Matter
P32 : Proximate Analysis
Moisture, Ash, Volatile Matter, Fixed Carbon,
P33 : Ultimate (Elemental) Analysis
Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Sulphur, Oxygen, Ash,
P34 : Calorific Value and Elements
Gross Calorific Value, Net Calorific Value, Ash, Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Sulphur, Oxygen,
P35 : Chlorine and Sulphur
Chlorine, Sulphur,
P36 : Major Elements
Aluminium, Calcium, Iron, Magnesium, Phosphorus, Potassium, Silicon, Sodium, Titanium,
P37 : Minor Elements
Antimony, Arsenic, Cadmium, Chromium, Cobalt, Copper, Lead, Manganese, Mercury, Molybdenum, Nickel, Vanadium, Zinc,
P38 : Major and Minor Elements
P40 : Combustion Package
Volatile Matter, Fixed Carbon, Moisture, Ash, Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Sulphur, Oxygen, Gross Calorific Value, Net Calorific Value, Chlorine,
P41 : Ash Melting Behaviour (Oxidising Conditions)
Ash Shrinkage Starting Temperature (Oxidising), Ash Deformation Temperature (Oxidising), Ash Hemisphere Temperature (Oxidising), Ash Flow Temperature (Oxidising),
P42 : Ash Melting Behaviour (Reducing Conditions)
Ash Shrinkage Starting Temperature (Reducing), Ash Deformation Temperature (Reducing), Ash Hemisphere Temperature (Reducing), Ash Flow Temperature (Reducing),
P50 : Ultimate Combustion Package
Includes P36, P40 and P42
P373 : Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) - Under Nitrogen
P374 : Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) - Under Air

P51 : Particle Size
P52 : Pellet Length and Diameter
P53 : Bulk Density
P54 : Basic Density

P150 : Plant Pigments
Chlorophyll-a, Chlorophyll-b, Lutein, beta-Carotene, Neoxanthin, Astaxanthin, Zeaxanthin, Antheraxanthin, Violaxanthin,
P155 : Polyamines
Dopamine, Histamine, Serotonin, Phenylethylamine, Putrescine, Cadaverine, Norspermidine, Spermidine, Spermine, Tyramine, Agmatine,
P160 : Polyphenols
Chlorogenic Acid, Caffeic Acid, Rutin, Scopoletin, Scopolin,
P165 : Terpenes
a-Pinene, b-Pinene, beta-Myrcene, Limonene, Linalool, a-Terpineol, beta-Caryophyllene, alpha-Humulene,

P281 : Molecular Weight Analysis
P282 : Degree of Esterification
P283 : Degree of Acetylation
P284 : Chitin
P285 : Beta and Alpha Glucan

P210 : Crude Fibre

P271 : Aflatoxins
Aflatoxin B1, Aflatoxin B2, Aflatoxin G1, Aflatoxin G2,

P251 : Apiose
P252 : Xylulose
P253 : Xylonic Acid

Contact us to know more about this analysis.

Contact us to know more about this analysis.

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